tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6175562317797828242024-03-13T08:07:19.110-07:00ENVS1020 Fall 2010 KOKim Boltonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00203354062953327778noreply@blogger.comBlogger121125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-37962770108571070052010-11-11T22:24:00.000-08:002010-11-11T22:32:33.485-08:00A bold statement does not equal a true statementAurora Patchett<br /><a href="http://www.intellectualactivist.com/php-bin/news/printerFriendly.php?id=1221">http://www.intellectualactivist.com/php-bin/news/printerFriendly.php?id=1221</a><br /><br />In a recent blog by The Intellectual Activist, An Objectivist Review, Robert Tracinski makes a bold statement about the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in saying that the real disaster in the Gulf of Mexico is not an environmental disaster but is “a government-made disaster” with respect to the economy.<br /><br />His two main arguments regarding the spill were 1) that the fishery closures and the moratorium on deep-sea drilling were pre-emptive and will prove to be a detriment to the economy and 2) that the oil spill has not caused an environmental disaster.<br /><br /><em><strong>The closing of fisheries and the moratorium on deep-sea drilling<br /></strong></em>In the first paragraph of his blog Robert Tracinski attempts to discredit the seriousness of the oil spill using an excerpt from a New York Times article which describes the anticipated announcement from the U.S. government stating that the majority of oil spilled had been taken care of with the help of natural processes and human intervention. There was an immediate backlash towards this claim by scientist and environmental groups who claimed that the government misinterpreted the data which might have been due to a political agenda to lessen the perceived damage [6]. When the government, in a position of authority, is the source of misinformation in what was considered to be the largest oil spill on record, it is understandable to have diminished confidence in their abilities. However, the closing of the fisheries in oil affected areas was not based on misinformation, but based on implementing reasonable safety measures to address concerns for the public’s health and safety. The author would like you to believe that this is the implementation of the precautionary principle to demonstrate that the current government takes the approach of “assume that it’s tainted and ban it, then look at the evidence later”. However, the decision to close fisheries was not an example of the precautionary principle, which makes decisions based on possible damage, as the damage had already occurred, but more accurately could be based on the human rights principle which addresses our rights to health and wellbeing.<br /><br />Next he attempts to demonstrate that the government is indecisive in its commitments based on its disregard of Judge Martin Feldman’s preliminary injunction of the moratorium put in place by the government and then their early lifting of the same moratorium. Robert Tracinski makes no mention that there were concerns that the same judge may not have been impartial in the ruling owing to personal investments in companies that would be directly affected by the moratorium [8].<br /> <br />In an article by Larry West, the United States Interior Secretary Ken Salazar explained that the decision to impose a Moratorium on the drilling of oil was based on concerns for the health and protection of local communities, coasts and wildlife [2]. They felt that the industries oil spill response plan was inefficient to deal with the current situation and before drilling could commence again there needed to be an investigation and new plans drafted [2]. The shutting down of fishing and oil exploration was the responsible decision. Their decisions could be seen as implementing the participation principle, which includes the environmental impact assessment and the equity principle which includes the consideration of future generations.<br /><br />Of course in decision making the economy needs to be factored in and, unfortunately, in this scenario there is a tradeoff; health and safety to the detriment of economic growth and stability. The tourism industry will also suffer until people feel confident that the crisis is over. On the flip side, due to this disaster there has been an influx of people involved in the management of the aftermath from government officials to volunteers. These people will all need to eat and sleep; there will be a demand for boats and all the necessary equipment for clean-up and research crews. It is unclear if this contribution to the local economy would outweigh the anticipated job loss.<br /><br /><em><strong>It is too early to know the extent of environmental damage, if any, caused by the oil spill<br /></strong></em>From the beginning of the incident, approximately six months ago, and since the flow of oil was halted in July, there is very little information to be found in the way of official reports and published research. At present there is still research being conducted as well as continued clean-up and restoration of the ocean and coastline. A very brief report put out by NOAA on November 1, 2010 shows that research teams have found wildlife affected by the oil spill, namely birds and sea turtles [5]. And further in a very brief article on the NOAA website “Deeper Insights: Researching the Spill Under the Sea”, as of November 3rd they have discovered coral colonies at a depth of approximately 1400 meters that are either dead or dying [9]. These are examples of detrimental ecological effects that we know of currently. Though, much is still unknown about the short term and long term effects on the marine life and the example of the captured marine life, live and dead, and coral only demonstrates that much marine life, those in deep sea environments, will not be as easy to assess and whose effects may be most prominent.<br /><br /><em><strong>Conclusion<br /></strong></em>Robert Tracinski’s argument should not be considered an evidence based argument as his reasoning and support for these claims are aimed at attacking the character of the government, and making conclusions about the potential environmental impact based on no official reports or published research. I argue that the government did make the responsible and necessary decisions in calling the closure of fisheries in areas directly affected by the spill and for a moratorium on off-shore deep sea oil drilling. Further, it is entirely too soon to make the claim that the oil spill has and will have no effects on the surrounding environment. I do however agree that the already crippled U.S. economy will only fair worse from the temporary and partial shut-down of two major industries but as a direct cause of the oil spill and not the government’s reaction to it.<br /><br /><strong><em>References<br /></em></strong> [1] An Overview of Protected Species Commonly Found in the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Fisheries Service. 2006. <a href="http://www.offshoreoperators.com/marinedebris/Protected-Species-In-GOM-NOAA.pdf">http://www.offshoreoperators.com/marinedebris/Protected-Species-In-GOM-NOAA.pdf</a> Accessed November 2, 2010.<br /><br />[2] West, L. Government Imposes New Deepwater Offshore Drilling Moratorium. About.com: Environmental Issues. July 13, 2010. <a href="http://environment.about.com/b/2010/07/13/government-imposes-new-deepwater-offshore-drilling-moratorium.htm">http://environment.about.com/b/2010/07/13/government-imposes-new-deepwater-offshore-drilling-moratorium.htm</a> Accessed November 2, 2010.<br /><br />[3] Deepwater Horizon Response Consolidated Fish and Wildlife Collection Report. 2010. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). <a href="http://www.restorethegulf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Consolidated%20Wildlife%20Table%20110210.pdf">http://www.restorethegulf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Consolidated%20Wildlife%20Table%20110210.pdf</a> Accessed November 4, 2010.<br /><br />[4] Deep Sea Subsurface Oil Assessment. 2010. Restore The Gulf.gov. <a href="http://www.restorethegulf.gov/">http://www.restorethegulf.gov/</a> Accessed November 2, 2010.<br /><br />[5] Deepwater BP Oil Spill, Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). November 1, 2010. http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/FINAL-NRDA_by_the_Numbers_11.03.pdf.pdf Accessed November 11, 2010.<br /><br />[6] Goldenberg, S. Gulf Oil Spill: White House Accused of Spinning Report. August 5, 2010. The Guardian. <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/aug/05/oil-spill-white-house-accused-spin">http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/aug/05/oil-spill-white-house-accused-spin</a> Accessed November 11, 2010.<br /><br />[7] Near Shore Submerged Oil Assessment. 2010. Restore The Gulf.gov. <a href="http://www.restorethegulf.gov/">http://www.restorethegulf.gov/</a> Accessed November 2, 2010.<br /><br />[8] Tracy, T. Groups Seek Judge’s Removal in Drilling-Moratorium Case. July 2, 2010. The Wall Street Journal. <a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704293604575343361857605650.html">http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704293604575343361857605650.html</a> Accessed November 10, 2010.<br /><br />[9] Deeper Insights: Researching the Spill Under the Sea. NOAA. <a href="http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2010/11/deeper-insights-researching-the-spill-under-the-sea/">http://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/2010/11/deeper-insights-researching-the-spill-under-the-sea/</a> Accessed November 10, 2010.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-59609531048390349702010-11-11T20:51:00.000-08:002010-11-14T22:56:14.411-08:00" Is Carbon Dioxide The Real Culprit for Global Warming "<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ECtcIp8yoHv7Tj1qCBIarrT1yQiOmHxYY47a1HLeF9NhnD1lPct-SwI5oqnAijvHmekok2zKMqtZsfbqXeym49zzlEiKimkr0ZoE4z6bvh_LABmWmqEF0bzEC5Pyqpdyb2WTqpUhl_g/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ECtcIp8yoHv7Tj1qCBIarrT1yQiOmHxYY47a1HLeF9NhnD1lPct-SwI5oqnAijvHmekok2zKMqtZsfbqXeym49zzlEiKimkr0ZoE4z6bvh_LABmWmqEF0bzEC5Pyqpdyb2WTqpUhl_g/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div><h1 style="line-height: 16.35pt; margin-top: 0in;"><strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Amy Heinzerling in her article “</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions Fall in 2009 – Past Decade Still Sees Rapid Emissions Growth “, expresses joy <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about the decreased carbon emissions from fossil fuels in most industrial countries in 2009. But later she states that it is only due to recession, that the global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels decreased from 8.5 billion tons in 2008 to 8.4 billion tons in 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></h1><div><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amy states that the decrease in carbon dioxide levels have occurred, but after a decade of significant rise of 2.5 % every year. The rise is now four times of that in the 90’s. Twice in her article, she had strongly conveyed that increasing temperatures, the resulting melting of ice sheets, the changing weather patterns and rising sea levels are the destructive effects of increased Carbon dioxide levels. This is not supported by any scientific study or rational reasoning.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Amount of Carbon dioxide emission by consumption of terrestrial vegetation by animals and microbes causes 220 gigatons of</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2</span></sub></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> per year, while the respiration by the vegetation causes another 220 gigatonnes of</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> CO2 </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">per year. The oceans also release about 330 gigatonnes of </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CO2 </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">every year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> The human </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CO2 </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">emission is 26.4 gigatonnes, up from 23.5 gigatons in 90’s. This figure is very small when compared to the CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2</span></sub></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">emissions by natural sources. Even the disturbance to land like deforestation and agriculture causes 5.9 gigatonnes per year. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> The major natural sinks for carbon dioxide include the vegetation and the ocean. The oceans take in about the same amount of CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2</span></sub></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">that they release in to the atmosphere. In the recent time, they soak in more carbon dioxide then earlier. While the land plants use in 440 gigatonnes of </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2</span></sub></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">every year for photosynthesis. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the total </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">CO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">2</span></sub></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">entering the atmosphere 40 % is soaked up by the natural sinks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwe_Td5D4sUtWYQx5cPUCzOvUI_qYKL1hnzaeft_T76EhID5BxY79-APWd5AcnBfCdkVvvAv75ryvhQ5MN2jxGYbdWzouKtDqqOKM68VAeSMHn93SrowI2zarcI1UXzPjV4uRx6R2dz0/s1600/carbon_cycle_diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnwe_Td5D4sUtWYQx5cPUCzOvUI_qYKL1hnzaeft_T76EhID5BxY79-APWd5AcnBfCdkVvvAv75ryvhQ5MN2jxGYbdWzouKtDqqOKM68VAeSMHn93SrowI2zarcI1UXzPjV4uRx6R2dz0/s320/carbon_cycle_diagram.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> The meaning of greenhouse effect is quite clear in the present time. But, the eventual results are unknown to the people. Carbon dioxide is one of the cause but not the only cause of the recent global warming. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The gases causing greenhouse effect also include carbon dioxide. But gases like methane and CFC, which constitutes a small percentage of the greenhouse gases, absorb several times more heat than the Carbon dioxide. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> The most least blamed greenhouse gas which is the water vapor, is the major factor for warming atmosphere. As the results, suggests the water vapor alone absorbs 60% of the infrared now absorbed by the atmosphere. The removal of carbon dioxide only reduces 16% of the infrared absorbed. If the carbon dioxide would be the only greenhouse gas only 26% of the total infrared now absorbed, would be absorbed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> About 50% greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor, 25% by the clouds, and 20% by the carbon dioxide and the remaining by other greenhouse gases. Even I was unaware of the clouds being an integral part of greenhouse gases.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Amy just put forth a graph showing the increased carbon dioxide levels from pre-industrialized era till the present time. This is a flaw in her argument because human life was much simpler then today. It had no comforts of the modern life. The stress on the earth is the cost we have paid for development.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> I do agree with the seriousness of the argument, the concern over the increasing carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, but just blaming one cause for the issue is not at all justified. The article is meant for the common people who only rely on these types of sources for the knowledge of current scientific issues. Imparting them wrong information confuses them and sends out wrong information about current scientific trends.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> The author had straightly jumped to conclusion that it is carbon dioxide that causes global warming and other destructive effects like melting of ice sheets etc. This should have been avoided because the scientists are also biased about this issue. One pool of scientist believe that increased<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>level of carbon dioxide is the chief cause of global warming , but the other pool states that global warming is due to the incapability of earth’s natural processes of cyclic heating and cooling within a set period of time. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1>Ankit Sajwan<o:p></o:p></h1><h2>0737773<o:p></o:p></h2><h1>REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></h1><h2><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main article -<o:p></o:p></h2><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">Heinzerling, By Amy. "Causes of Climate Change: Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions | Sustainablog."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color: black;">Sustainablog: The Green Blog You’ve Trusted since 2003</span></i><span style="color: black;">. June-July 2010. Web. </span></span><a href="http://blog.sustainablog.org/causes-of-climate-change-carbon-dioxide-emissions/">http://blog.sustainablog.org/causes-of-climate-change-carbon-dioxide-emissions/</a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><h2><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: windowtext;">Other References –</span></span><span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">"Climate Myths: Human CO2 Emissions Are Too Tiny to Matter - Environment - 16 May 2007 - New Scientist."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color: black;">Science News and Science Jobs from New Scientist - New Scientist</span></i><span style="color: black;">. New Scientist. Web. </span></span><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11638-climate-myths-human-co2-emissions-are-too-tiny-to-matter.html">http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11638-climate-myths-human-co2-emissions-are-too-tiny-to-matter.html</a><span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">"Climate Myths: CO2 Isn't the Most Important Greenhouse Gas - Environment - 16 May 2007 - New Scientist."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color: black;">Science News and Science Jobs from New Scientist - New Scientist</span></i><span style="color: black;">. New Scientist. Web. </span></span><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11652-climate-myths-co2-isnt-the-most-important-greenhouse-gas.html">http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11652-climate-myths-co2-isnt-the-most-important-greenhouse-gas.html</a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">"Carbon Dioxide Is Not the Reason behind Global Warming."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color: black;">Free Articles Directory | Submit Articles - ArticlesBase.com</span></i><span style="color: black;">. Web. </span></span><a href="http://www.articlesbase.com/environment-articles/carbon-dioxide-is-not-the-reason-behind-global-warming-1254023.html">http://www.articlesbase.com/environment-articles/carbon-dioxide-is-not-the-reason-behind-global-warming-1254023.html</a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
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</div>ankit udaiveerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10733328087002185594noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-46332880790671285092010-11-11T20:47:00.000-08:002010-11-11T20:51:15.662-08:00Whales vs. Sun<div><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family:Calibri;"></span></u></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">A subject that has been receiving a lot of attention over the past few years is that of skin cancer. This attention is for a good reason, for over 73 000 Canadians in 2007 were diagnosed with it, so it is a real problem. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>As many people know, one of the main causes of skin cancer is exposure to Ultra Violet (UV) radiation. Exposure to UV radiation has increased greatly over the years as a result of air pollution and the resulting negative effects on the ozone layer. However, despite all of the research done in humans, of all the species on the planet humans are probably exposed to the least amount of UV radiation due to the amount of time spent indoors and technologies such as sunscreen that have been developed to help prevent skin cancer. The majority of all species are exposed to these increasing levels of UV every day. One of these animals is whales, especially due to the amount of time they spend near the surface doing such basic activities as breathing and eating. The theory is that because whales do not have any fur or feathers to protect their bodies, they have nothing to prevent the UV radiation from damaging their skin. However, I believe that this issue is greatly over rated.</span></p><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 188px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 310px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538520921604289922" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDUokuYTldKAMOPqQ1tw_5cz6l1EzlegKbu7F7Gruw8eX0JtLSMUSNf3KImGd1l5yanB_Zt2khHNWJnTjSRt4LKiht6frDcBDyN6LyyQNIhrZ2p_QN4vFQsOn8Cm5HFFWI-V2Hz9AjB4w/s320/picture.jpg" /><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">First of all, one of the greatest dangers regarding sun exposure is when the sun is avoided for long periods of time, and then suddenly, the organism is exposed to the sun for hours at a time. An excellent example in humans is somebody who works in an office, and then goes to beach for the day. They are likely going to have very bad sunburn, whereas somebody like a farmer who spends a great deal of their time outside, does not experience hardly any negative effects from a day spend at the beach. This is greatly the case for whales. They spend every day of their lives exposed to this ultraviolet radiation, so they are very likely going to build up some sort of resistance to it.</span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Even in the actual study itself, most of the data that they collected was from the air through the use of photography. They used this to determine any sort of skin discolouration, and found that there was more damage to whales with lighter coloured skin compared to whales with darker coloured skin. However, this is probably just an effort to darken the whale’s skin to help protect it if the UV rays are getting stronger. Therefore this skin discolouration is more of an adaptation, something that organisms do all the time, rather than a disease. </span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">The researchers also had no way of knowing whether or not the discolorations that were appearing on the whales skin were actually a result of UV or due to some other external factor that nobody has yet considered. Just because humans have certain reactions to overdoses of UV radiation, it does not mean that an animal which has a much tougher and thicker skin would experience the same effects. </span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">A thinning ozone layer is by no means a good thing. However, I believe that the study on the effects of UV was bias because they wanted to find UV damage in the whales, and did not really investigate other possible causes of the discolorations. There is still a lot of work to do as far as research is concerned before we will be able to know for sure what the effects of increased UV levels have on whales and other similar wildlife.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Adam Gibson (0705733)</span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><span style="font-family:Calibri;"></span></o:p></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">SOURCES:</span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family:Calibri;"></span></o:p></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">BACKGROUND:<span style="mso-tab-count: 7"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span><a href="http://www.cancercare.ns.ca/site-cc/media/cancercare/Skin_Cancer_Statistics.pdf"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">http://www.cancercare.ns.ca/site-cc/media/cancercare/Skin_Cancer_Statistics.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/11/08/rspb.2010.1903.full#abstract-1"><span style="font-family:Calibri;color:#0000ff;">http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/11/08/rspb.2010.1903.full#abstract-1</span></a><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">PICTURE: </span><a href="http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.redsailhawaii.com/images/corp/HI_WhaleAtSunset.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.myspace.com/warmingtheplanet&usg=__OzEzQ2S2-YOuVBctit8o0N07S4s=&h=391&w=227&sz=15&hl=en&start=0&sig2=ILqbvK8_6va7JbC8be8-CA&zoom=1&tbnid=L69rCpc4uEpq1M:&tbnh=154&tbnw=89&ei=CbzcTKWCBaO5nAes6PwW&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwhale%2Bin%2Bsunset%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1436%26bih%3D755%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=271&vpy=381&dur=2719&hovh=295&hovw=171&tx=108&ty=280&oei=CbzcTKWCBaO5nAes6PwW&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:20,s:0"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.redsailhawaii.com/images/corp/HI_WhaleAtSunset.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.myspace.com/warmingtheplanet&usg=__OzEzQ2S2-YOuVBctit8o0N07S4s=&h=391&w=227&sz=15&hl=en&start=0&sig2=ILqbvK8_6va7JbC8be8-CA&zoom=1&tbnid=L69rCpc4uEpq1M:&tbnh=154&tbnw=89&ei=CbzcTKWCBaO5nAes6PwW&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwhale%2Bin%2Bsunset%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1436%26bih%3D755%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=271&vpy=381&dur=2719&hovh=295&hovw=171&tx=108&ty=280&oei=CbzcTKWCBaO5nAes6PwW&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:20,s:0</span></a><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">ARTICLE:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span><a href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4336976/Thin-ozone-layer-may-be-giving-whales-sunburn"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4336976/Thin-ozone-layer-may-be-giving-whales-sunburn</span></a><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></p><br /><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family:Calibri;"></span></o:p></p></div>Adam Gibsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04511811781564489092noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-56174013281658071122010-11-11T20:34:00.000-08:002010-11-11T21:00:43.321-08:00The Oil sands of AlbertaAmy Boudreau<br /><br />Whether or not the Alberta tar sands should be shut down has been in debate for years now. Groups like Greenpeace have been trying to raise awareness about this issue and they, in fact, recently came out with a movie named “Petropolis”(4), which gives the viewer an aerial sight of the oil sands’ mining site in Fort McMurray, Alberta. Many believe that the Alberta tar sands are a never-ending environmental disaster. One such person, Kumi Naidoo, made this opinion very clear in his emotional article “Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?”(August 27th 2010), found in The Huffington Post.<br /><br />This mass reserve of oil is found underneath the Boreal forest in Canada, and is a mixture of oil (technically known as bitumen), sand, clay, and other minerals.(2) The land must first be clear-cut, and then the surface mining begins.(2) The oil sand is trucked to a cleaning facility where it is mixed with hot water and diluent, which will separate the bitumen from the sand.(2) The bitumen is then sent off for refinement, and the waste product is put in tailing ponds.(2) For bitumen deposits buried more than 75m deep, situ recovery is used.(2) For this, super-heated water is pumped into the ground, the bitumen separates and is brought to surface, leaving the dirt behind. This means no tailing ponds.(2)<br /><br /><br /><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCGtj0aujcJbABzTkKDWi5ItjUPEuPtgky0FbkbkcnamP1_aZVvE2pyHp7igcPNRmxrC9Lo_5MeLBzdoxqFsTjgFL4jJAt3pcNc5l9tSIBaS4X8Nqyd_Cj9pE8Jt9c6CK1vIu3x1QO5lM/s1600/2010-08-27-tar_sands-open_pit.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 266px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538517623469842658" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCGtj0aujcJbABzTkKDWi5ItjUPEuPtgky0FbkbkcnamP1_aZVvE2pyHp7igcPNRmxrC9Lo_5MeLBzdoxqFsTjgFL4jJAt3pcNc5l9tSIBaS4X8Nqyd_Cj9pE8Jt9c6CK1vIu3x1QO5lM/s400/2010-08-27-tar_sands-open_pit.jpg" /></a><br />(1)<br /><br />As you can see from the picture, the surface mining is a pretty ugly process. Critics use photos and words like “tar sands” to paint a picture of desolation.(3) In the article Naidoo says “…it looked like the moon; that giant swaths of forest had been levelled only to be replaced with vast toxic lakes of chemicals or churning black pits of bitumen and industry.”(Naidoo, Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?, par.6) The phrase “tar sands” is in fact incorrect because tar is a substance made from pine wood or coal, where these “tar sands” are just oil sands. As well, only 2 percent of the oil sands can be mined because the rest is too deep.(3) When observing “Petropolis” I noticed that most of the shots where of different angles of the same thing.(4) Put all this information together and we come to the conclusion that activists use dirty words like “tar sands” and multiple photos of the same site in order to twist the perspective. Never once in the entire article did Naidoo correctly refer to the oil sands by oil sands, he instead opted to name them tar sands. At the end of the article Naidoo asks you to “…bear witness and act on what you see.”(Naidoo, Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?, par.17). A bias picture no doubt.<br /><br />Naidoo makes the claim “Sadly, Canadian politicians have abdicated their responsibility for Alberta’s land, water and people.”(Naidoo, Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?, par.14). However the issue has been brought up to the government. The government supports the continued expansion of the oil sands of Alberta, according to the minister of the environment, Honourable Jim Prentice.(5) He made it clear that the oil sands must be developed in an environmentally responsible manner.(5) As well Senator Mitchell made a statement that if Canada had funded the carbon capture and storage, or CCS, technology, then it would be possible to operate the oil sands better.(6) In fact, the government of Alberta has put down an investment of 2 billion dollars towards CCS technology, and is currently developing the policies and regulations needed in order to move the development forward.(8) Carbon Catching and Storage, or CCS, is a new process which is currently being used globally.(8) Sites in North America, Norway, and North Africa have already been safely successful.(8) What happens is the CO2 is dehydrated and compressed into a liquid form, where it is then pumped into a porous rock formation about 1 to 2 kilometers below ground.(8)<br /><br />When Naidoo went to Fort McMurray, he also went to a village downstream named Fort Chipewyan and met with community leaders. These leaders told Naidoo about the poisoning of the Athabasca River and how it is wreaking havoc on their communal health.(1) Naidoo says “the elevated rates of cancer in the community.”(Naidoo, Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?, par.10). I question how he came about this information. Nonetheless, assuming it was true, what is causing it? Without doing any further research, we would assume that the tailing ponds are responsible. However the government of Alberta has developed an action plan to reduce/eliminate the amount of leakage from tailings.(7) All tailing ponds must be constructed like the figure below, which will monitor groundwater and seepage facilities (see figure below.)(7) They have also released a statement in a fact-sheet that says “Comprehensive monitoring programs have not detected impacts from tailing ponds on surface water or potable groundwater”(Government of Alberta, Oil Sands: Tailings, page.1). In either case, what is the difference between this and distributed cosmetics that contain toxins?(8)<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC2I3V8paHDbIDwjjaAsJplG0MXE-RbcL1TkWrw5RLYngDuY8gdV14ZVTwHotimwk1X9xMbS6gj4KcL-qCLR7bTdVEUOZfV7DXTPjfjpxD1eFFOumLE4kvbjGgxM3Z4JbCAvVisokY3WU/s1600/FS-CES-Tailings-Chart-Seepage.png"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 184px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538518515189643282" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC2I3V8paHDbIDwjjaAsJplG0MXE-RbcL1TkWrw5RLYngDuY8gdV14ZVTwHotimwk1X9xMbS6gj4KcL-qCLR7bTdVEUOZfV7DXTPjfjpxD1eFFOumLE4kvbjGgxM3Z4JbCAvVisokY3WU/s400/FS-CES-Tailings-Chart-Seepage.png" /></a><br />(7)<br /><br />Naidoo makes a few comparisons. He compares Canada’s human rights treatment with that of South Africa, and says that First Nations are being ignored.(1) Too bad the oil sands industry is the largest employer of First Nations in all of Canada,(3) and Canada is nothing like South Africa. He also makes a comparison with the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.(1) How can you even compare the two? He says “There is one difference though: in Canada there is no end in sight.”(Naidoo, Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?, par.17). Yes there is, when the oil runs out. The oil sands, just like the extraction of any other non-renewable natural resource around the world, will be done until it is depleted.<br /><br />Oil sands have their failings, just like anything else. Nuclear leaves toxic waste, ethanol burns food, wind power kills birds and makes humans sick,(6) there is no perfect solution. Naidoo makes a heart-wrenching argument which I was initially convinced of until I did some further research. He uses words like “tar sands”, “dirty oil”, “destruction”, “violation”, etc. in order to evoke a certain emotion. For example, does the title of his article not make you feel a little guilty inside? Let’s not forget the (deliberate?) use of “tar sands” in it. His article provides no numerical data or quotes, only assumptions and observations turned into a well written bias view.<br /><br /><br />References:<br />1)http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kumi-naidoo/tar-sands-is-this-the-rea_b_696868.html<br />Naidoo, Kumi. (2010, August 27). Tar Sands: is this the real Canada?. <em>The Huffington Post</em>.<br /><br />2)http://www.energy.alberta.ca/OilSands/pdfs/FactSheet_OilSands.pdf</p><p>Government of Alberta. June 2010. Talk About: Oil Sands.<br /></p><p>3)http://www.parl.gc.ca/40/3/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/060db_2010-10-27-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=40&Ses=3#32</p><p>Debate of the Senate: Importance of Canada's Oil. 3rd session, 40th parliament, <strong>147</strong>(60).</p><p>4)http://www.petropolis-film.com/#//<br /></p><p>5)http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=6F2DE1CA-1&news=1E866FB5-273D-46F2-9ED8-5CFFBCE8E069 </p><p>Prentice, Jim. The Speaking Points of the Honourable Jim Pentice. (2010, Febuary 1st). <em>Environment Canada</em>.<br /></p><p>6)http://www.parl.gc.ca/40/3/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/013db_2010-03-30-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=40&Ses=3<br /></p><p>Debates of the Senate: Speech From the Throne. 3rd session, 4oth parliament,<strong> 147</strong>(13).</p><p>7)http://www.oilsands.alberta.ca/FactSheets/FS-CES-Tailings.pdf<br /></p><p>8)http://www.oilsands.alberta.ca/FactSheets/FS-CES-CCS.pdf</p>Amyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11506787470541131718noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-77553492523393579462010-11-11T20:28:00.000-08:002010-11-11T20:33:25.751-08:00Biodiesel or Biohazard?Biodiesel is said to be a new revolutionary source of alternative energy that should cut down greenhouse gas emissions by a significant amount. The use of biodiesel is praised in a recent article written by Justin Novack. The article covers the many benefits of biodiesel to the environment such as a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% (Novack, 2010) and the fact that it is biodegradable and a renewable source of energy. The main argument for biodiesel stated by Novack was that since the biodiesel was derived from plants, biodiesel combustion does not increase net levels of carbon emission (Novack, 2010). This was said to in turn, create safer and cleaner air than what we would get from using regular diesel.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLXITB2CEL7E7_ZdO20nE3bFQjLfAGrmNqARHG9fvCvh4ItAd5_Cb7RPFidqAhqBrlvHiaxDt3iF1h8g4Ltd3nIP_Nvu5RL3vmMirCsVPWDUVkeoHePJ6vSkMb_x9BXrpG-ayTeUgG8er/s1600/biodiesel_cycle.png"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 256px; height: 256px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfLXITB2CEL7E7_ZdO20nE3bFQjLfAGrmNqARHG9fvCvh4ItAd5_Cb7RPFidqAhqBrlvHiaxDt3iF1h8g4Ltd3nIP_Nvu5RL3vmMirCsVPWDUVkeoHePJ6vSkMb_x9BXrpG-ayTeUgG8er/s320/biodiesel_cycle.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538516262357082098" /></a><br />(Image:http://community.middlebury.edu/~cri/Biodiesel/why_biodiesel.htm)<br /><br /> This article does a good job of stating all the benefits related to using biodiesel and even goes over a few possible arguments against biodiesel such as performance in cooler climates. To this Novack (2010) responds that with refining, biodiesel can be used anywhere diesel power is common. However, this article lacks providing strong evidence to support the claims it makes. Nowhere in the article does it state why biodiesel produces fewer emissions than regular diesel, it just states that it does. In order to increase the strength of the claims made in the article, a little background on biodiesel or the main differences between biodiesel and regular diesel would be very beneficial. Doing so would greatly increase the credibility of the statements being made in the article.<br /> Although the article does go over a few arguments against biodiesel, the biggest arguments against biodiesel are not even mentioned. These arguments are the fact that production of biodiesel could possibly create more greenhouse gas emissions than just using regular diesel. This is a major argument that many people against biofuels make and one that needs to be addressed when trying to argue for biofuels. The author should have tried to explain that the use of biofuels such as biodiesel are only said to produce more emissions that it prevents through the use of vehicles used to collect the crops. The large quantity of crops needed in order to create biodiesel creates the added problem of using fuels in order to make fuels. The author could have argued that there are eco friendly ways to harvest crops followed by evidence to support that statement. Without the evidence to support a statement or claim, it holds no weight in an argument.<br /> Another possible argument against biodiesel that was not addressed in the article was the fact that the amount of crops needed to provide biofuels is quite high which means that the amount of water required in order to grow these plants is staggering. The author of the article should have addressed this possible problem with biofuels with a response that would discredit this claim. Such a response could be that there are many ways that water can be recycled for further use in watering crops. This statement would also have to be followed by evidence to support this statement such as the journal article written by Carr et al., (2010) titled: Water reuse for irrigated agriculture in Jordan: challenges of soil sustainability and the role of management strategies which discusses both the benefits and costs of the reuse of water. Such evidence would provide a large amount of credibility towards the claim Novack is trying to make.<br /> Furthermore, there is the question of costs. This is the major argument that would apply to the general public. This topic is not even discussed in the article and defiantly should be because biofuels do generally cost more than regular fuels. This is an argument that someone against biodiesel would defiantly raise but had the author anticipated this argument, he could have easily came up with a rebuttal that would neutralize this claim against biodiesel. Biodiesel may be more expensive, however the mileage you get from bio fuels is substantially larger than that of regular fuels (Cuebert, 2010) therefore, the argument that biodiesel is more expensive holds no weight at all. This claim would once again need to be supported by evidence such as the article written by Mike Cubert (2010) comparing the cost of the two types of fuels and how much mileage you would get from each.<br /> In conclusion, the article written by Novack does present many good points that support the use of biodiesel, however the lack of evidence to support the claims he makes as well as the lack of controlling the arguments that would be made against biodiesel makes the article and claims made weaker. Providing solutions to problems such as water needed and costs of biofuels supported by evidence found from other sources, would greatly increase the credibility and strength of the claims made in this article. It isn’t enough to state that something is good, you have to provide evidence to support that claim and evidence to discredit claims against it. Overall this article did a good job of stating why biodiesel is beneficial and with the addition of evidence to support it and evidence to discredit claims against it, the article could prove to be a powerful tool in proving the benefits of biodiesel to others as well.<br />References:<br />Carr, G., Nortcliff, S. and Potter, R. 2010. Water reuse for irrigated agriculture in Jordan: challenges of soil sustainability and the role of management strategies. The Royal Society. 368: 5315-5321. <br />Retrieved from: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1931/5315.full<br />Cubert, M. 2010. Really, How Much Does Biodiesel Cost?. <br />Retrieved from: http://www.infobiodiesel.com/Really,_How_Much_Does_Biodiesel_Cost_.html<br />Novack, J. 2010. Biodiesel as Alternative Green Energy. Economic & Environmental Benefits of Biofuel.<br />Retrieved from: http://www.suite101.com/content/green-fuel-biodiesel-as-alternative-energy-a119479Brandon Shttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08097186317998674696noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-87683269978200965052010-11-11T20:16:00.001-08:002010-11-11T20:17:55.165-08:00Global Warming Doesn't Exist?<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwv14W2CxV5Y-9FJqMJM8T7Mx7N-uEVYgAzQfppMPSwKBssuVxDG9uga9icA_0WDAuwyf58sPjDpHXkAjBZTZel7TggeSjg1dhhRv1eVoxmlIBuJJsuQniLbNZeoNNME_AEXaqIyvVkDVK/s1600/global_warming_animation_hd.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwv14W2CxV5Y-9FJqMJM8T7Mx7N-uEVYgAzQfppMPSwKBssuVxDG9uga9icA_0WDAuwyf58sPjDpHXkAjBZTZel7TggeSjg1dhhRv1eVoxmlIBuJJsuQniLbNZeoNNME_AEXaqIyvVkDVK/s320/global_warming_animation_hd.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538511849610620818" style="float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 179px; " /></a><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:medium;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "> </span>According to Dr. Mark Clayson who wrote the blog “Global Warming – Let Us Stop Beating Ourselves Over It” on gettingoffgrid.com, global warming does not exist. In this blog Clayson makes a number of claims as to why he thinks that global warming has become a topic that the general public concerns themselves with far too much, and even goes as far as to claiming that it does not even exist. Due to the fact that Clayson doubts the existence of global warming, he then as a result makes claims against global warming that are quite irrational and irrelevant to the situations that have been transpiring on Earth. In this blog Clayson represents his argument that global warming does not exist with four statements that he sees from daily life and uses them as facts, even though he does not take the scientific or realistic aspects of these occurrences into consideration. One of the reasons that Clayson does not believe in global warming is the fact that he believes that because Earth has cooled and warmed up in the past, we should therefore not continue to worry about the fact that Earth has been increasing in temperature. Along with the fact that Earth has been cooling and warming for years, Clays</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:medium;"><span style="color:#000000;">on also argues in his third point that Earth is also moving away from the Sun which accompanies his argument.</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 1.31cm; margin-right: 1.41cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; "><span style="color:#000000;">“<span style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i>1. The earth has warmed up an cooled down many times in its history. It is still here and it is still going strong despite man’s existence and influence on it. ... 3. The earth is moving away from the sun at a rate of knots. This is a natural phenomenon and one which will lead to global cooling rather than warming. It is the reason why Mars is cold and Pluto is very, very cold. The earth will cool, it will happen.”</i></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-style: normal; "> (Clayson 2010)</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 1.31cm; margin-right: 1.41cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; "><br /></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; "><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Now, although it is true that ice ages have occurred in the past, the reason for one to occur now is not the same as for one to have occurred in the past. The ice ages that have happened in the past had much greater extremities and happened for different reasons. One also must take into consideration the fact that humans did not have scientific knowledge at the time at which the last ice age occurred. (Also take into consideration that many people believe that we are all still currently in an ice age if we look at Greenland and the two Antarctic poles.) The fact that ice ages have occurred in the past, like Clayson says, is very true, but Clayson did not think over how many species actually survived the ice age; not many. Along with ice ages, global warming has also occurred in the past, the only difference from the past would be that, along with the time at which ice ages happened, scientific knowledge was not existent at that time. One has to be realistic; global warming is occurring now because of the impact that we are making on Earth and the decisions that have been made as to how to treat it. Clayson was correct in saying “despite man's existence and influence” but the global warming that is occurring now is due to the impact that we have been making on Earth. Humans have greatly impacted, if not created the global warming that is currently occurring. To say that we should stop worrying about it because we have nothing to do with it and that we cannot stop it is just irresponsible and selfish because we are very much partly to blame. Deforestation, burning fossil fuels, methane from cattle and rice paddles, and much more are all the influences of the human race and are also a large part of the reason why global warming has currently been an issue.</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"> </span></span>When Clayson makes his statement about the planets moving away from the sun, although this statement has not been proven to be true, but if it were, the rate at which the planets are moving away from the sun is not fast enough for there to be such a great impact as the cooling of Earth. The predicted rate at which the plants are moving away from the sun is that of which we can adapt to. Either way, if this fact were to be true, it would not prove in any way the global warming is not possible.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:medium;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"> </span></span>Clayson does make relevant and believable points, to people who are not properly and scientifically educated of the facts and studies that have been taken place for years. His arguments are very superficial and do not have much scientific relevance nor truth. Clayson claims that global warming does not exist because of the polar bears. He makes some quite ridiculous claims, especially when he explains t</span></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-style: normal; ">hat because polar bears are still in existence, this means that global warming does not exist. He says,</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 1.69cm; margin-right: 1.41cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; "><span style="color:#000000;">“<span style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><i>Polar bears have seen the ice cap melt before and they are also still here – OK, I admit, a few of them have lost their lives on the way and it is pretty uncomfortable being on top of a floating piece of ice that has melted off from the main flow – drowning is not nice but neither is being mauled by lions, but the wildebeest don’t complain too much.”</i></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-style: normal; "> (Clayson 2010)</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; "><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;">To assume that global warming does not exist because the polar bears are still in existent is just not relevant in any way to science. Polar bears are currently an endangered species of bears and to say that dead animals are not complaining is simply irrational. I understand that Clayson is trying to imply that polar bears have survived melting and the heating of the Arctic before, but to use this to try to disprove scientifically proven theories is quite unrealistic, especially since the polar bears are endangered.</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; "><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "> </span>Overall, the arguments against global warming are not very strong, if not irrelevant. A lot more scientific knowledge and research would have to be used to properly disprove a scientific theory that has been studied for years. The arguments that are presented are weak and do not stand, especially when they are compared to the scientific data that is presently supporting the existence of global warming.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; ">By Eliza Solis-Maart</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; ">0712280</p><p></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; ">Picture: http://3danimation.e-spaces.com/global_warming/global_warming_animation_hd.jpg</p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; ">Original Blog: http://gettingoffgrid.com/2010/11/09/global-warming-let-us-stop-beating-ourselves-over-it.html</p>Eliza Solis-Maarthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18440964115361855491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-35969016290234521722010-11-11T20:10:00.000-08:002010-11-11T20:12:00.700-08:00<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Cambria', 'serif'; FONT-SIZE: 24pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin">The Terror of the Three-eyed Fish<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>In the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">change.org </i>blog post “What If Frankenfish Won’t Stay In Their Cages?” the writer, Jess Leber, makes many assertions regarding the farming of genetically engineered salmon. Three of such claims strongly oppose the proposed farming of these so called “Frankenfish.” She claims that (1) the genetically engineered salmon will escape from captivity, (2) these will then breed with wild salmon, and (3) this interbreeding will cause the extinction of wild salmon species. Little to no evidence is put forward by Leber to support these strong claims.</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA; mso-no-proof: yes"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin">The fundamental flaw I see in her argument is that she makes these very one-sided allegations without, for the most part, providing proper evidence, but instead referencing to other opinionated bloggers such as her. In other words, she backs up her own claims with other equally unsupported sources. From this flimsy foundation, I find myself questioning the validity of these claims which Leber usually fails to justify.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>The fact that the writer makes claims based on information taken from secondary sources is the main reason why I believe the evidence isn’t strong enough to make said claims. For example, Leber asserts that the FDA has approved the genetically engineered salmon safe for human consumption based on “scarily insufficient testing.” However, she fails to elaborate on the methodology of the testing or produce any sort of evidence which may support the claim that this testing was indeed insufficient. She instead references to a blog posting on the very same website which just so happens to make the same unsupported claim in different words.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>In her post, Leber asserts that genetically engineered salmon are an environmental risk because they will eventually escape captivity. Her argument for this assumption is that, in the past, we have seen farm salmon escape into the wild and mix with wild salmon. However, she does not provide any evidence which relates to the specific case of AquaBounty’s GE salmon, the case at hand. These genetically engineered salmon are to be kept in land-based facilities, effectively isolating them from wild salmon populations. Leber neglects to mention this fact when asserting her claim that these salmon will pose an environmental risk. If the salmon are being bred and stored on land, away from wild species’ ecosystem, then I see no argument for environmental risk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>The writer’s second major claim is one that, once again, is completely unsupported by any hard evidence. She references another blog which presents the same unsubstantiated claim that these genetically engineered salmon could possibly breed with wild salmon species. The GE salmon that could be produced by AquaBounty are said to be 100% sterile. However, Leber writes that “about 5 percent of them <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">could conceivably </i>breed” without presenting any evidence to back up this claim. After following her sources, I was unable to find anything but the same groundless claim that these fish are not completely sterile as they are said to be.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>Leber’s third main claim, that interbreeding between genetically engineered salmon and wild salmon will cause the eventual extinction of the wild species, is one which I do not disagree with. Rather, I disagree with the intended impact of the claim. McGinnity et al (2003) show that the invasion of farm salmon into wild populations can lead to the extinction of the wild species within 40 generations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>While this is true, the previous two claims mentioned above would have to have been true for this third to even be possible. Therefore, this last claim appears to be a scare tactic aimed directly at the unsuspecting, open-minded reader. I see this as an attempt to cause uncertainty in the minds of readers, leading to feelings of anxiety about accepting genetically engineered salmon as a safe and reliable project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>The general trend in Leber’s unsubstantiated claims is an incorrect interpretation of the precautionary principle. She believes risk is associated with genetically engineered salmon, but in reality it is uncertainty which is present, two fundamentally different concepts. Leber’s strong precautionary principle view does not take into account that uncertainty is present in all matters such as these. Therefore, it is not a viable solution to refuse all that may have uncertainty. This point of view is regressive.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><o:p><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">References <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">McGinnity, P., P. Prodöhl, A. Ferguson, R. Hynes, N. O Maoiléidigh, N. Baker, D. Cotter, B. O’Hea, D. Cooke, G. Rogan, J. Taggart & T. Cross. 2003. Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i>, as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences </i>270(1532): 2443–2450.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><o:p><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">Benefits of Land-Based Aquaculture Systems. </span></span></i><a href="http://www.aquabounty.com/"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><span style="font-family:Calibri;">http://www.aquabounty.com/</span></span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin"><o:p><span style="font-family:Calibri;"> </span></o:p></span></p>Brandonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06086049462833393295noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-69678624828864119092010-11-11T19:56:00.000-08:002010-11-11T20:18:36.173-08:00Geo-engineering: Viable Solution or Pandoras Box?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> 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unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]-->In the article “Volcano-stimulated Rebound of 2010 Salmon Run Challenges Anti-Science Environmentalism” (November 2010), the author, John Laumer, discusses the rise in pacific salmon population following the 2008 Aleutian volcano eruption. The author tries to argue that this positive effect observed from iron-rich ash being introduced into the North Pacific Ocean should indicate the safety of geo-engineering and dispel concerns about it harms to the environment. The article also criticizes the recent U.N. biodiversity treaty which limits the application of geo-engineering on large scales, implying that it will halt progress in the attempts to address the planets climate issues. <p class="MsoNormal">The first issue with Laumer’s position is that he is comparing the effects of a natural event which has occurred an infinite number of times over the history of the planet, to direct human interference with the ocean ecosystem.<span style=""> </span>Aquatic environments can adapt to changes due to natural events, and this affects the species within that system, as seem in the case of the Aleutian volcano eruption.<span style=""> </span>However, just because the ecosystem can sustain iron from the occasional eruption and b<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL8qR4RZjrAg9fWjte8_XZr8tKmuNy3lJIAUuuhRtqF91ZJ-Nj7GwjZNEPdXd50wzxVovR4SnCixfbORvEdpC5-BFlbG2FDK1wXXyvlXfjJqQ4z9vCnyW9DfYMPYPDbkYQ8u7kUakQx1I/s1600/aleution_volcano.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 389px; height: 264px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL8qR4RZjrAg9fWjte8_XZr8tKmuNy3lJIAUuuhRtqF91ZJ-Nj7GwjZNEPdXd50wzxVovR4SnCixfbORvEdpC5-BFlbG2FDK1wXXyvlXfjJqQ4z9vCnyW9DfYMPYPDbkYQ8u7kUakQx1I/s400/aleution_volcano.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538511619725012610" border="0" /></a>e fine (with some positive effects noted e.g. rise in salmon population), this does not mean that the same would be observed with a larger and continual addition of iron by humans. Not to mention the damage already done to the oceans by human activity that was previously thought to be harmless. <span style=""> </span>Some potential risks are overpopulation of one species negatively affecting others, or levels of iron being added that would be toxic to some organisms.<span style=""> </span>The effects of the Aleutian eruption do not give us a clear prediction of the outcomes associated with human intervention in the North Pacific Ocean ecosystem, or any aquatic habitat for that matter.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The introduction of iron to induce plankton growth as a way of combating climate change is based on the logic that the larger number of plankton will absorb more CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere.<span style=""> </span>The CO<sub>2</sub> will be absorbed into their bodies and when the organisms die it will sink to the bottom of the ocean with the organism.<span style=""> </span>However, tests have been done to try to understand the effects and potential for such practices, for example the team of scientists aboard the Polarstern who tested iron fertilisation in the South Atlantic. The team found that the increase was only in one type of plankton, and that its population increase did not lead to any increase in CO<sub>2</sub> being sequestered on the ocean floor.<span style=""> </span>The extra plankton was eaten by other organisms that would eventually release CO<sub>2 </sub>back into the atmosphere. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The unexpected outcome from the Polarstern experiment is also a reminder of the countless examples where humans have tried to fix the negative effects of their interventions with nature with more interventions that only give them a new problem.<span style=""> </span>This is most prominently visible in conservation attempts on islands where new species have been introduced to solve some problem produced by human migration (e. g. control populations of pests such as rats or insects), only to cause problems themselves and become pests.<span style=""> </span>Humans have proven themselves to be short-sighted many times in the past when it comes to controlling the environment. <span style=""> </span>In the context of geo-engineering, Europe could implement some technology to improve its climate; however this could have detrimental effects on Asia, a third party who had nothing to do with the development or use of the technology. <span style=""> </span>When we are looking at possible solutions to global problems through technology, we need to do testing to have some idea of what the outcomes of our actions will be, because if our efforts go awry, it will affect everyone on the planet.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The UN closed its recent convention on Biological Diversity with a moratorium on geo-engineering banning the implementation of geo-engineering techniques by individual bodies without consulting the UN.<span style=""> </span>Laumer interprets this as putting a complete halt on planning for a potential climate “emergency” where geo-engineering would be needed.<span style=""> </span>However the moratorium simply asks that “governments to ensure that no geo-engineering activities take place until risks to the environment and biodiversity and associated social, cultural and economic impacts have been appropriately considered” <span style=""> </span>(http://www.etcgroup.org/en/node/5227 , 2010). Also it prevents small groups of scientists in either the private or public sector from implementing technologies that will potentially affect other nations.<span style=""> </span>It allows research into what we will do in the face a climate disaster but prevents the pre-emptive application of them by individual parties.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This is how it should be, as geo-technologies to reduce CO<sub>2</sub>, such as iron fertilisation, can easily turn into cheap ways for western industry to “make-up” for their damaging ways, instead of changing them.<span style=""> </span>Introducing geo-engineering too soon will lessen the will of governments, industry, and ordinary individuals to change wasteful habits into sustainable ones.<span style=""> </span>Why bother cutting down on use of fossil fuels if there is a quick fix for the climate? What is the motive for developing sources of clean energy? Using geo-engineering at this point is just putting a bandage on the issue of climate change without addressing the root cause of the problem.<span style=""> </span>The focus needs to be on changing the human behaviour that has gotten us to this point.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Lauman implies that geo-engineering should be allowed to develop without interference from government organisations and that the restrictions on its growth are due to overzealous fear of potential negative effects.<span style=""> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="72" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful List Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="73" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]-->Control of geo-engineering is necessary to prevent it’s over use and misuse for economic means, to prevent big industry from continue with wasteful practises, and to keep our attention on the changes necessary to human lifestyle that has brought about the earth’s climate problems. Without remedying these activities humans are likely to end up in some other environmental crisis, even if we could control CO<sub>2</sub> levels.<span style=""></span> The reaction of the ocean ecosystem to a naturally event does not immediately prove that humans meddling with ecosystems will fix all our problems.<span style=""> </span>Geo-engineering should continue to be researched in case humanity does find itself faced with disaster.<span style=""> </span>Putting all our attention to geo-engineering and implementing it right now is illogical and like mopping up the water from an over-flowing bathtub without first turning off the faucet.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sources:<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> 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style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Laumer, J. (2010, November 5). Volcano-stimulated Rebound of 2010 Salmon Run Challenges Anti- </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; line-height: normal;">Science Environmentalism. In <i>Tree Hugger</i>. Retrieved November 11, 2010, from http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/11/massively-volcano-stimulated-rebound-of-us-salmon-runs-challenges-anti-science-environmentalism.php?campaign=th_rss_science<br /></p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-CA</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> 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mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Lepisto, C. (2009, March 29). Iron Fertilization Experiment Proves Geo-engineering Unpredictable. In </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; line-height: normal;"><i>Tree Hugger</i>. 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line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]-->News release: Geoengineering Moratorium at UN Ministerial in Japan. (2010, October 28). In <i>ETC Group</i>. <span style=""></span><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;">Retrieved November 11, 2010, from http://www.etcgroup.org/en/node/5227<span style=""> </span><span style=""> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;"><br /><span style=""></span></p>Erica Gilbeault-RyanErica Gilbeault-Ryanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00864137966681630785noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-58063326579145425742010-11-11T19:49:00.000-08:002010-11-11T20:58:59.537-08:00Self-Rejuvenating Ozone layer?<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sources_of_stratospheric_chlorine.png/638px-Sources_of_stratospheric_chlorine.png"></a><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></span>Ozone depletion is the cumulated decrease of ozone over the last few decades in the Earths Stratosphere.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>It was first observed in the late 1970’s and found to be caused primarily by halogen atoms chlorine and bromine which are found in chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFC)(Glenn 1998). These substances are mostly found in refrigerators and aerosols. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In order to prevent irreversible damage to the stratosphere, an </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin">international treaty was created <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black">September 16, 1987</span>, to protect the depletion of ozone levels (Glenn 1998). This treaty is famously recognized as the Montreal Protocol, the treaty outlined the ban of chemical substances commonly used that are believed to cause the destruction of ozone (CFC’s).</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span> </span>In the Australian Geographic journal article, “Ozone layer on the mend, says report” (September 17, 2010), the author makes numerous pretentious claims, without proper supporting evidence. Primarily he claims that ozone depletion in our stratosphere has stopped completely, solely due to the ban of harmful CFC compounds (AAP 2010). Also he gives the assumption that only CFC’s compounds cause ozone depletion by claiming that the Montreal Protocol (1987) has sheltered us from the furthering of ozone decay. Additionally the author argues that the level of ozone in our atmosphere will be reestablished fully to levels around the 1980’s by 2045( AAP 2010). In every statement proposed, the author provides no evidence or data whatsoever to support and strengthen the claims made. Nor does the author anticipate the criticism to the claims and provide a rebuttal to disprove opposition. Due to the extreme lack of evidence to build its case the article provides a very weak argument.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyzaUJicpff02pL36BEdzZ9CgcrpJQF0eGXrAOw18InJoJegZzREZsFlqzNpXaM6NL1x-UOBNf2fSgGJNRwtf6sJ338gWTpGfCROqXLT-VrsxRbmcZxfPPeBZl-Uxjn5nSqSCmdJQMukY/s320/517px-Ozone_cfc_trends.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538512581696631346" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 276px; height: 320px; " /></span></span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; ">Fig 1. Gas trends in ozone decay between 1992 to 2008.</span></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span> </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The claim that the Earth’s ozone layer has stopped depleting completely, although it contains a fragment of truth, it is very drastic. There is data available that supports the claim that the rate of ozone depletion due to CFC specifically has decreased (Figure 1), however the generalization that it has stopped thinning completely is not evidently supported. The article also gives the reader the impression that only CFC compounds contribute to the decay of the stratosphere. This is not the case, CFC compounds make up only 80% of the harmful free radicals that are degrading the ozone layer (Bora 2009).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Greenhouses gases are also important contributors to global warming and ozone depletion, however the article does not mention these factors.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; ">The article also gives the reader the impression that all harmful chlorine compounds that negatively impact the levels of ozone come from man made products such as </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; ">refrigerators</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; ">. Contrary to the impression given, not all of these chlorine based compounds are man made, 18% of the ozone depleting compounds are naturally produced in our environment , as seen in figure 2 (Glenn 1998).</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; ">The journal article claims that the ozone hole in the stratosphere will not only be reduced to its original state in the 80’s by 2045, but it declares that the ozone hole may actually disappear in the future (AAP 2010). There is no actual evidence provided to support such an allegation in the article, thus making the claim arbitrary. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; ">Not only does the author provide inadequate evidence, but he also fails to provide any details about the method of how such claims were formed. The article does not supply the reader with any information in regards to how the researchers came up with their conclusions. Therefore this journal article fails as an informative piece of literature as it does not accomplish its objective, which should be to inform the public on a specific issue. It does provide enough supporting information in order for the reader to make an informed decision on the topic. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Due to the fact that the author does not provide information on how the conclusions were reached, the reader does not know if the claim is reliable because there is uncertainty on the amount of experimental data collected.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><br /></span></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtHSt6hAvuXz70oIGbWlTIRZUsp5NeEfZuuwfVfiOKG11Fc4Yr-AH6sKS4W7Ko_OCUZb2Le11OwO6b6O9sWKrL028GZdY91uDefERB_KGauEXoDhF-9roOIR0zGSvRq4EPhACoCWjdbws/s320/638px-Sources_of_stratospheric_chlorine.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538511488190666034" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 301px; " /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; ">Fig 2- The origin of harmful chlorine compounds in atmosphere.</span></span></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span> </span>Another flaw in the journals argument is the fact that the author contradicts himself quite often near the end of the article. The majority of the article consists of many allegations<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>stating that the diminishing of the ozone layer has permanently stopped thanks to the ban of harmful chemicals, and that scientists have proclaimed that by 2045 to 2060 by the latest, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere will be identical to conditions in the 1980’s( AAP 2010). However the article also states that scientists are still in the midst of learning and understanding completely the implications and effects of ozone decay and global warming. How can the author confidently claim that the scientists “findings” that our stratosphere will be much healthier in 35 years is true if he also states that the scientific community has much to learn about ozone depletion interactions? <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>By contradicting himself, the author decreases the value of the information in the article, therefore weakening his arguments and claims.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; "> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In conclusion the author of the journal article presents an extremely weak argument. Not only is there no information provided to support each claim presented, but the author leaves out many crucial details needed for the reader to fully understand how such conclusions were drawn. He neglects many other contributing factors to ozone depletion, thereby further restricting the information </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">available</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> to the public. The authors position is not solidified due to the lack of information in the journal. Additionally because not enough information is provided to inform the public, the author fails to anticipate opposition or criticism which reduces the strength of the claims. In order to be considered a more reliable source, I believe that a greater depth of research is needed on the topic, in order to provide more evidential data.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">References<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black">P, A. A. "Ozone Layer on the Mend, Says Report."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color:black">Australian Geographic</span></i><span style="color:black">. 17 Sept. 2010. Web. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span></span>09 Nov. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span>2010. <http: au="" journal="" span="" style="mso-tab-count:1"> </http:></span>report.htm>.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: -.5in;line-height:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black">Bora, By Chandramita. "Ozone Layer Depletion: Effects and Causes of Ozone Depletion." <i>Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web</i>. 2009. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. <http: com="" articles="" html="">.<o:p></o:p></http:></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: -.5in;line-height:24.0pt"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black">Carver, Glenn. "The Ozone Hole Tour : Part III. The Science of the Ozone Hole."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color:black"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color:black">Centre for Atmospheric Science</span></i><span style="color:black">. University of Cambridge, 1998. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p></p>Elisa Ahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04740950145127743781noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-57756505941459361302010-11-11T19:30:00.000-08:002010-11-11T19:40:06.613-08:00Morality and Science, Friends or Foe?<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 16px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium; ">Alex Heim</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 16px; "><span style="line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span">0726107<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 16px; "><span style="line-height: 115%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span">The article posted on Treehugger.com, written by John Laumer makes many claims about environmental ethics and the true meaning of environmentalism. Recent fluctuations in salmon populations in which the cause of these fluctuations is the iron rich ash deposited by the <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color:black">Kasatochi Volcano</span> in august 2008 is the main example used by Laumer to criticize environmental ethicists who argued that iron seeding in the pacific as </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-size: medium; ">a dangerous method to revive salmon populations.</span></p><p style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span">“Anti-science thinking presupposes negative outcomes. It skips over complex issues and pulls us into ethical and moral opposition to new ideas before real understanding can even be offered.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><img src="http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci124/img/plso22.jpg" style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 564px; height: 366px;" border="0" alt="" /> <p style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span">The 2010 Fraser salmon explosion by all accounts was not negative. Quite the opposite: it is relieving to see a return of bountiful nature.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></p><p><span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 12pt; font-size: medium;">Above: Diatom algae, the abundant food </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; font-size: medium;">source of young salmon in the 2010 Fraser river boom </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 12pt; font-size: medium; "> </span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> Laurmers opinion is that any argument which has carefully weighed the possible outcomes and determines that the risks outweigh the benefits is anti-science. Science and morality are closely linked especially in the field of environmental science. The environment is something which the human population has just begun to realize may have more value than that of its obvious instrumental value to the human race. This shift in thinking is leading to a shift in moral beliefs from that of an anthropocentric moral outlook to something in-between anthropocentric and ecoholist. To hold an opinion on the environment and how it should be maintained and managed in a sustainable way is to hold a specific moral view which Laumer is failing to recognize in his argument.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> Laurmer is also implying that the iron from the volcanic eruption can act as a study reflecting the effects that iron seeding would have on ecosystems. He uses the growth in the salmon population as a positive result of iron seeding. He talks of “the complexity of the marine ecosystem” and then states that there is no evidence of ecosystem disruption or upset and that this had no effect on the people living on the other side of the globe. History has shown that environmental issues can take a long time to manifest themselves; from the disaster with DDT and bird populations which took years to become visible through bioaccumulation and amplification or the use of freons and chloroflourocarbons and their effect on the ozone layer, if we are to lean from these mistakes we need to take caution when introducing and implementing “a fix” for an environmental problem. Laumer would be better off saying that this eruption and subsequent deposit of iron rich ash could serve as a “natural” study to see the effects of iron seeding rather than making claims that it proves the growth of salmon populations due to iron seeding is a good thing with no adverse effects. The boom in population was just this year we have yet to prove that no adverse effects have occurred.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Laurmer could have had a great article supporting the field geo-engineering had his arguments been backed by reason and not opinions and personal vendettas attacking political groups for doing their jobs. Laurmer himself pretty much sums up my arguments to the weakness of his when he states: <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 12pt; "><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span">“there is no evidence indicating that the predators which normally preyed on salmon, humans included, suddenly disappeared. The evidence does, however, point to the ocean pastures having been provided a missing nutrient or nutrients, giving the young salmon <b><u>an unusually good</u></b> and lasting food supply.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span">”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> Laurmer hits the nail on the head with this one causing all his previous arguments to come crashing down. It’s true, the salmon were provided with an unusually good food supply, unusual being the key word, this deposit of iron while being a natural process does not occur every year or even every few years, it was a rare geological process which humans probably shouldn’t try to mimic as a method of conservation but as Laurmer argues we won’t know unless we try or more correctly observe . All in all the arguments made are weak but when examined it is seen that his point could have been portrayed in a stronger manner not laden with bias.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/11/massively-volcano-stimulated-rebound-of-us-salmon-runs-challenges-anti-science-environmentalism.php?campaign=th_rss_science">http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/11/massively-volcano-stimulated-rebound-of-us-salmon-runs-challenges-anti-science-environmentalism.php?campaign=th_rss_science</a></span></span></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 12pt; "><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Photo:</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci124/lec36.html">http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci124/lec36.html</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16px; "><span style="line-height: 115%; "><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; "><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></span></o:p></span></p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-15363859960661857462010-11-11T19:07:00.000-08:002010-11-11T20:59:47.705-08:00Who needs biodiversity?<p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">David Evans</span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">0703017</span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Everyone has their own preferences and their own moral judgements. A personal preference does not contradict the personal preference of others and does not need any evidence or proof to validate it. A moral judgement however may contradict the moral judgements of others and must have reasoning (evidence) to back it up. Moral judgements must have reasoning to back them up or else they would be just personal preferences.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Alan Caruba divulges many moral judgements in his Emerging Corruption.com blog posting “Goodbye Global Warming, Hello Biodiversity” (31 October, 2010). His most prominent discusses how we should not trust long term predictions made by global organizations that are cause for international concern due to past inaccuracies and the waste of resources associated with the steps taken to alleviate the proverbial “problem”.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;">Caruba opens the blog posting displaying his distaste for the concept of global warming calling it a scam “where billions could be made selling and trading bogus “carbon credits”’ (Caruba 2010). Caruba discredits the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as they had been “</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">regularly documenting a rise in the earth’s average temperature even when a new natural cooling cycle began in 1998.” (Caruba 2010) These “false” documents then “caused governments to invest billions into the worst forms of energy, wind and solar, along with endless other equally worthless “Green” programs.” (Caruba 2010)</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">The concept of global warming has given rise to carbon credits but there is no evidence referenced supporting the claim that global warming is a scam. Global warming has not yet been conclusively proven but is generally supported in the scientific community. What has been proven is the yearly reduction of ice in the arctic. Sea ice in the arctic is essential as a reflector of sunlight lowering the heat transfer from photons of light to the water in the arctic ocean. “... </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;">Arctic amplification is largely driven by loss of the sea ice cover, allowing for strong heat transfers from the ocean to the atmosphere.” (Serreze <i>et al.</i> 2009) </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">This stronger heat transfer between the ocean and the atmosphere slowly increases the temperature of the globe.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">There is no evidence cited to back up the other controversial claims made by Caruba either. No publications stating the I</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;">ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"> had created false data were sourced. No reasoning for why wind and solar energy are the so-called “worst” forms of energy was stated. The statements stood by themselves and opens Caruba up to lots of criticism. </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;">Caruba’s main claim focuses on the statement made by the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) which states that 26000 species worldwide are in danger of becoming extinct. The Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) consists of delegates from 200 countries that translates new scientific knowledge into policy to benefit the environment and humans. The IPBES met in June 2010 in South Korea but as Curaba explains they met “with the goal of denying vast areas of the earth from the development needed to feed six billion people and provide the raw materials vital to the energy required for a modern technological society dependent on electricity and on transportation fuels.” (Caruba 2010)</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Caruba compared the statistics provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature to the “false” statistical predictions made by the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">“In the same fashion people were told that the global warmers could predict the temperature of the Earth fifty to a hundred years from now, we are expected to believe that all current species are imperiled.” (Caruba 2010) The IPCC did make predictions about the future effects of global warming and these statistical predictions have not yet been validated because we have not yet reached the target area of the predictions. This comparison is valid as it is very difficult to make an accurate prediction many years into the future.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px ;color:#000000;">In support of his defense Caruba states “</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Consider that of all the species that ever existed on Earth, 99% are extinct.” (Caruba 2010) Although this raises a valid point Caruba again neglects sourcing the statistic. </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Caruba believes that money spent on discussing, researching and solving potential problems is better put to use on humanitarian ventures. People are sick, starving, and are in desperate need of aid from the western world. At the same time we spend countless resources that could lift these people and nations out of poverty and to safety on bigger issues. </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">What the issue really boils down to is what you personally believe has intrinsic value. Caruba’s arguments clearly denote him as an anthropocentrist. “Nicholas K. Dulvy, a co-author of the list of alleged endangered species, complained that “We’ve transformed a third of the habitable land on earth for food production.” Oh, heaven forbid that humans should have enough food!” (Caruba 2010) Anthropocentrists only recognize humans as having intrinsic value and moral standing. Anthropocentrists believe humans are ends in themselves while all other species of animals and ecosystems are just a means to an end. This view does not respect animal rights as non-human animals hold no intrinsic value to the anthropocentrists. </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">The International Union for Conservation of Nature holds an eco-holist view. The name of the organization gives its view away let alone what it stands for. As an eco-holist all species of animals, including humans, and ecosystems have intrinsic value and have rights. They believe these rights must be respected and we should therefore do everything within our power to conserve land for the continued protection of these species and ecosystems.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Personal preferences need no support as they only pertain to the individual which holds said preferences. Moral judgements require support as they attempt to state what actions should or should not be acted upon. Without evidence moral judgements are only personal preferences.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0pxcolor:#333233;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">References</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Caruba, A. </span> 31/10/2010. “Goodbye Global Warming, Hello Biodiversity” Emerging Corruption.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#0b22a2;"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; letter-spacing: 0.0px"><a href="http://emergingcorruption.com/?s=goodbye+global+warming">http://emergingcorruption.com/?s=goodbye+global+warming</a></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; min-height: 14.0px"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"></span><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px">Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Stroeve, J. C., Kindig, D. N., and Holland, M. M. 2009. The emergence of surface-based Arctic amplification, The Cryosphere, 3, 11-19.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica; color:#0b22a2;"><span style="text-decoration: underline ; letter-spacing: 0.0px"><a href="http://www.the-cryosphere.net/3/11/2009/tc-3-11-2009.html">http://www.the-cryosphere.net/3/11/2009/tc-3-11-2009.html</a></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px"><br /></span></p>David Evanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02409377210428381129noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-37877858950570869482010-11-11T19:06:00.000-08:002010-11-11T19:14:41.831-08:00How Do We Reduce Our Use of Disposable Plastics?By: Breanna Linn<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQHISPO3-mpo4mKUn4BAo_5NMmWn-WIF-cKIztA2o_8wnGvF-xuNwOuWReGYPk9HJ68L-G9FPGlVm6CaBF7raKv8Bd2vf6GZ1D_zZRSyT30cxOYlQQpkXJUIR1uBaWtzoyTYUcrlOC6CK0/s1600/Plastic%252520Pollution.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 316px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 239px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538495465531734178" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQHISPO3-mpo4mKUn4BAo_5NMmWn-WIF-cKIztA2o_8wnGvF-xuNwOuWReGYPk9HJ68L-G9FPGlVm6CaBF7raKv8Bd2vf6GZ1D_zZRSyT30cxOYlQQpkXJUIR1uBaWtzoyTYUcrlOC6CK0/s320/Plastic%252520Pollution.jpg" /></a><br />The vast use of disposable plastics in the world today has many detrimental effects on the environment and it would be great to say that solely using recycled materials is an easy thing to do. However, due to the state of the economy, it may be a difficult task to ask people and manufactures to turn to using recycled plastics instead of one time use plastics. Although this may be a possibility, the circumstances of each company and individual creates an issue for making this more predominate.<br /><br />Plastic Pollution and the Great Pacific Ocean Gyre Garbage Patch, a recent blog posted by www.closetheloop.com, suggests ways in which we can use recycled plastics as an alternative to single use ones. The argument being made presents deductive logic as the premises stated throughout provide support for the conclusion. Though the premises being stated do convey us with ways in which we can improve our ecological footprints and eliminate the use of disposable plastics, they are not the most tangible solutions for each person. For example, the article provides the readers with a website where they can purchase recycled products from small scale manufactures and family businesses. This suggestion does provide a good solution to improving our use of recycled materials, but seeing as this is not the most convenient source to purchase these items for many people it might not have as great of an impact. Also, the use of disposable plastics for large manufacturing companies is probably a lot cheaper and easier to get hold of in comparison to recycled plastic. Even though using recycled materials is a greener solution to the problem, a lot of time would be needed in order for this to become implemented. As well, recycled plastics need to first become more available in order for there to be an impact made on our world.<br /><br />Although the argument being presented is one that may not be quickly put into effect at the current time, the premises stated do support the fact that recycled materials are much more beneficial to us and our environment. It seems as though one of the main culprits for use of disposable plastics in excess is manufactures. Since they do indeed produce mass amounts of waste, it is these companies that need to be targeted first. As the article states, our recycling rates will improve by more than 7%, which may not seem like a lot now, but in the long run will have great benefits. Another solution stated within the article shows that plastic from the oceans is being used to create prototypes of vacuum cleaners by the Electrolux vacuum company. Unfortunately, the process of making these recycled vacuums is prohibitively long and not sustainable for long term usage. Due to the fact that the solutions needed to be implemented are not so easy, this creates an issue in minimizing the production and accumulation of plastic on land and in water.<br /><br />The arguments being made throughout the article do present validity as it offers ways in which we can reduce our use of disposable plastics. However, the lack of consideration for the current circumstances that we are faced with creates a weakness in pursuing the solutions that are suggested. It is highly unlikely that we as a nation will be able to make drastic changes to the way in which we live and work over a short period of time, especially since there had been a downfall within the economy. In order for us to make an impact and help our environment, we need to take baby steps and slowly progress toward changing our ways. Though the article does present us with methods in which we can use recycled materials, for example the fencing made out of 100% recycled plastic, it is not necessarily a practical solution for each individual. Trying to force big ideas to make improvements will prove little change because everyone has a different situation. If we take action in small steps however, this will create more leeway, allowing each individual or company to progress at its own rate. Ultimately, this will give us time to create a greener, healthier world.<br />When thinking of ways to solve the issues that our environment is facing, we must take all circumstances into consideration in order to come up with a reasonable and efficient solution for improvement. The article presented to me did indeed provide the readers with ways to stop the use of disposable plastics, but unfortunately did not pay attention to the surrounding situations that may not be able to follow through with the suggestions provided. Yes, we are coming up with new designs and technologies that use recycled materials and are environmentally friendly. However, these solutions seem to be too far from our reality at the time. Instead of forcing these solutions onto society, we need to be faced with easy answers that provide us with enough information to make reasonable changes. All must be taken into account in order to come up with practical and achievable solutions. If this is done, then there is hope for making a difference.<br /><br /><br /><br />References<br /><br />http://iclosetheloop.blogspot.com/Breanna Linnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06752315609069078802noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-91686922232842219542010-11-11T19:01:00.000-08:002010-11-11T19:01:55.746-08:00Are Electric Vehicles a Solution?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-CA</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">The article “Electric Vehicles will not solve emission and congestion problems” written by Eberhard Rhein argues that thought the automobile industry is about to go through revolutionary changes, maybe the electric motor is not as good a solution as it is being presented as. Rhein’s argument is that (a) electric vehicles will still indirectly emit CO2 if the electricity they use comes from a CO2 emitting source; (b) electric vehicles will not do anything to solve the problem of congestion in cities because they will not lower the volume of cars; (c) lithium-ion batteries are ideal for being used in the electric motors but lithium may not be a sustainable resource. </span>Though these are all points that are worthy of consideration, none of them are valid reasons for not developing the industry of electric vehicles. Throughout the article, the author makes many claims but does not back up any of his facts with evidence. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rhein’s first claim that electric vehicles will still indirectly emit CO2 depends on the source of the electricity that the car uses. The electricity used by electric vehicles could be produced from clean energy such as geothermal, nuclear, hydro, solar, wind or carbon capture and storage (CCS) generation. This would eliminate the indirect CO2 emissions by electric vehicles. Though the author does acknowledge this, he does not seem to think it is realistic to produce and mainly use clean energy. He gives the example of Europe, saying it will be 2020 before two thirds of energy produced is clean energy. As with the rest of his facts, he does not state a source for this number. And even if this is the case, implementing electric cars will not be a fast process. The majority of people will not have much incentive to switch to an electric car until either their current vehicle is no longer functional or the cost of operation their internal combustion engine vehicle is too high (for example the increased cost of gasoline is too high to be worth their while).<span> </span>This could easily be at least a ten year process, meaning that by the time the majority of people have converted to electric vehicles the majority of energy produced would be clean energy.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj_pHyJtj32R0NuQ2T0ubIs-rauie5GOhVhBzLZ8RCkA3G0DYJXhM_kkDCGQuBJMl8_HWoamRfGjv_7AwCwVrWWlfXR_H11n0ZFtvNFDHr64C4ibpgwDLePjxe4XP1NLbS2oY9B4VB_4IN/s1600/12electric_m_m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj_pHyJtj32R0NuQ2T0ubIs-rauie5GOhVhBzLZ8RCkA3G0DYJXhM_kkDCGQuBJMl8_HWoamRfGjv_7AwCwVrWWlfXR_H11n0ZFtvNFDHr64C4ibpgwDLePjxe4XP1NLbS2oY9B4VB_4IN/s1600/12electric_m_m.jpg" /></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">The second claim that electric claims will not do anything to help with congestion in cities is true, but I don’t think it is a valid argument for not introducing electric vehicles. This problem exists whether the vehicles causing the problem are internal combustion engine vehicles or electric vehicles. The author argues that:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">“Making big cities, where two thirds of humanity will live in the future, largely CO2 emission-free by massive investments in trams, buses and subways as well as by incentives to switch to public transportation and bicycle should therefore have preference over the drive for electric cars.” (Rhein 2010)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">This is a valid point; however the argument is not specifically about electric cars but about electric vehicles. These include trams, buses and subways. Rhein is right in saying that people should be encouraged to use public transportation, but public transportation should at the same time be made CO2 free. The government should enforce the use of electric vehicles in public transportation. If the incentives to switch to public transportation work for the majority of people, the CO2 problem will still exist only on a smaller scale. Switching to public transportation is not a solution to the CO2 problem but merely an improvement. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rhein’s third point is that the batteries which will be used in electric motors may potentially contain an unsustainable resource, lithium. <span> </span>His argument is that:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">“There is plenty of lithium available across the earth, especially in Latin America. But though only tiny quantities are needed in the battery, nobody is presently able to say if the estimated global reserves of 6 million tons of lithium will suffice as a sustainable basis for the annual production of some 100 million batteries, which the global automotive industry might require by 2050 for satisfying the future demand for electric vehicles.” (Rhein 2010) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">In this argument, Rhein is using the Precautionary principle. He is speculating about 40 years in the future and assuming that we would be using the same technology in batteries, which is extremely unlikely. Being uncertain about whether the world supply of lithium is enough to last for the next 40 years is not enough justification to not develop electric vehicles.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span>Throughout this article, the argument seems to be that electric cars will not completely solve the problem of CO2 emissions and that there is a degree of uncertainty about the long term availability of resources involved in the production of electric vehicles. The author does not give any sources for the facts presented in this article, which makes the evidence seem weak.<span> </span>I think that though electric vehicles will not completely solve CO2 emission problems, they will be a major contributor to the solution. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Reference:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rhein, Eberhard. "Electric Vehicles will not solve emission and congestion problems." <i>Rhein on Energy and Climate</i>. Blogactive.eu, 10/11/10. Web. 9 Nov 2010. <http://rhein.blogactiv.eu/2010/11/10/electric-vehicles-will-not-solve-emission-and-congestion-problems/>.</span></div>Elizabeth Irwinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15315256558617226994noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-65757578234403440872010-11-11T18:17:00.000-08:002010-11-11T18:18:12.097-08:00Polar Bears Don't Matter?The article “Polar Bears: Maybe the prospects aren’t so gloomy” (2010) published in False Alarm and written by Paul MacRae gives two major claims. Firstly, MacRae claims global warming is barely affected by humans and that humans are only slightly speeding up the process that is meant to happen. Secondly, he claims that polar bears will adapt as the glaciers shrink and humans shouldn’t be spending such a great deal of money trying to save them from extinction. <br /><br />MacRae argues that polar bears have once had to adapt to warming of the earth so they can do it again. It seems that MacRae believes that polar bears are not and will not be affected at all by global warming. However, polar bear populations are already decreasing and isn’t this a sign that maybe they can’t adapt to such high temperatures? He also argues that humans are only slightly affecting the heating of the earth and it would be naturally happening without human contribution. However, MacRae doesn’t give any evidence that the earth would actually be heating if humans didn’t produce such large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. <br /><br />I believe both of these claims are slightly ridiculous. Firstly, even if the earth is warming on its own should humans be speeding up the process? In my opinion this is not a smart idea especially since we are seeing so many negative affects of global warming. Viewing these affects why should we contribute without taking responsibility for them? The way MacRae writes it seems like we are barely affecting global warming and thus, we should not have to take any responsibility. I feel that if we had never began polluting our environment global warming wouldn’t be a problem today. Secondly, polar bears may have adapted to natural warming of the earth but with all the pollution and heating of oceans I feel they may not be able to adapt quickly enough for survival. Also, the polar bear population is already decreasing due to ocean warming and thus, it could continue to decrease until they become extinct. <br /><br />Robert J. Nicholls and Anny Cazenave wrote an article called “Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones” discuss some of the problems with oceans heating. They suggest that there are two main reasons for sea-level rise. Firstly, there is the expansion of water due to heating. Water heats in response to absorption of carbon dioxide which of course is a natural gas in air but is also a pollutant that gets pumped into the air by human behaviour. In this case you can’t say that humans have no affect on the melting of ice caps due to oceans heating. The less carbon dioxide is placed into the air the less warming our oceans will experience. Therefore, I feel like you can’t say that we only slightly contribute to global warming. The second cause of sea-level rise is melting ice. The warmer the atmosphere gets the more ice bergs melt and the higher the sea level rises. This poses a large problem for polar bears. When the ice bergs melt polar bears are forced to swim to other ice bergs or to shore. With high sea-levels this is very dangerous and polar bears can drown, especially when high winds are involved. Thus, how can MacRae even suggest we have only a slight contribution to global warming and that it’s not affecting polar bear populations? It is possible that not all the warming is due to human behaviour but I feel that MacRae should defend this in his article rather then just writing off human contribution to global warming as if it doesn’t exist. <br /><br />I found another article which speaks specifically about polar bears and how the ice melting affects their weight and their population size. The article is written by Jim Morrison and titled “The Incredible Shrinking Polar Bears”. When the ice melts polar bears have difficulty getting to food sources which means smaller polar bears. These polar bears have problems nursing and giving birth to their cubs and thus, the population of polar bears decreases. Therefore, if polar bear populations are already decreasing why is MacRae so confident that eventually polar bears will evolve and survive? Shouldn’t polar bears have started to adapt already? However, he does have decent evidence to support the possibility of polar bears adapting but they don’t seem to be. I also agree that it is possible humans spend too much in donations on saving certain animals. It seems the cuter the animal the more people donate even if there are other things that need donations. So who decides who gets the donations? <br /><br />MacRae’s first claim that humans do not contribute to global warming is strong and a little over the top in my opinion. It is clear that human actions have a large contributing factor to global warming and oceans warming up then some people want to admit. Also, I feel as if MacRae thinks contributing to helping polar bears from becoming extinct is a waste of time and money. But if they don’t adapt are we supposed to stand by and let them go extinct? Is MacRae saying that this is natures plan and that we should let global warming take whatever path it’s meant to take? I do not agree with this if this is his opinion. I believe we have contributed to climate change and it’s our responsibility to help delay what we have started for as long as possible to have the same thriving environment we once had. <br /><br />References: <br />MacRae, P. (2010) Polar Bears: Maybe the prospects aren’t so gloomy. False Alarm, 02 Oct 2010 http://www.paulmacrae.com/?p=140#more-140 <br /><br />Nicholls, RJ. Cazenave, A. (2010) Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Coastal Zones. Science vol. 328 pp. 1517-1520 <br /><br />Morrison, J. (2004) The Incredible Shrinking Polar Bears. National Wildlife. 02 Jan 2004 http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2004/The-Incredible-Shrinking-Polar-Bears.aspxkellsy.ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13452755077486331977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-66177011527580622332010-11-11T18:02:00.000-08:002010-11-11T18:10:53.492-08:00Environmentally Friendly BagsIn this article the author, Julia Christman explains why she believes that everyone should buy environmentally friendly bags. Although I agree with the general idea of this article, I do not agree with some of the claims that the author made. I agree that people do need to be more environmentally friendly, and I think that it is good that more and more people are using environmentally friendly products. However, I question the accuracy of the author when she claims that: “reusable and eco-friendly bags and other items are in huge demand these days. People all across the world love them because they are attractive and durable, besides being eco-friendly” (Christman). There are three different claims in these sentences alone that I find very unconvincing. First of all, the idea that environmentally friendly products, more specifically bags, are in ‘huge’ demand. I can agree that these bags are becoming more popular as I know many people who own them, including myself, however, I still see more people using regular plastic bags. The way that she portrays these bags makes it seem like everybody has them or wants them, which I don’t believe to be true. Perhaps if she had some evidence or statistics to back up this claim it would be more convincing, but since she does not I must question her statement that there is a large economic demand for these three dollar bags.<br /><br />Secondly is the statement that these environmentally friendly bags are loved by people all over the world. It is my assumption that these bags are only popular in more wealthy countries as they most likely cost more to produce, and in less wealthy countries people are more likely to use the cheaper plastic bags. Providing a meal for their families is probably more important than purchasing eco-friendly products. This leads me to question the accuracy of the claim that people all over the world love these bags.<br /><br />The last part of this sentence that I question is the idea that people love these bags because they are attractive. I can understand that people purchase them because they are durable and environmentally friendly, but appearance is a matter of opinion and perspective. In my opinion these bags are not very attractive. In fact, in my opinion these bags are not much more attractive than plastic bags, therefore paying extra for one of these bags based on its appearance is not a legitimate reason. Perhaps some people do find these bags attractive, or maybe there are different designs that I have yet to discover, but I still believe that stating that people love these bags because they are attractive is an inaccurate claim.<br /><br />Throughout the article the author often makes statements that may be mostly true or often true, but are definitely not always true. She then exaggerates these statements which makes them more inaccurate. For example, instead of saying that many people are trying to help the environment by using environmentally friendly products, she says that: “Now everyone wants to use eco-friendly products to protect the environment” (Christman). This statement is not accurate because although many people want to help the environment by using eco-friendly products, I am sure that not every person on earth wants to help the environment, such as the CEO’s of companies in industries such as oil.<br /><br />Another thing that makes this article seem inaccurate is the fact that the author made no citations or references to any information. Without evidence it is very easy to question everything the author argues. For example, I would like to know which “big corporations are lending their hands for the cause” (Christman) and which recycled materials these bags are made out of. With this extra information this article would be a lot more persuasive and convincing.<br /><br />The three main claims she makes about why people should buy these environmentally friendly bags are: they are environmentally friendly, they are attractive, and they are durable (Christman). I agree that using these bags is more environmentally friendly since less plastic bags would be getting used, however she provides no proof that the bags themselves are environmentally friendly. She simply states what they are made out of and says that they are eco-friendly. As for the bags being attractive, as I have already stated, attraction is a matter of opinion and many people probably believe that they are not attractive. Perhaps the market is small where we live, but I personally have not seen “a variety of attractive patterns and colours” (Christman) nor do I believe that achieving good “fashion and style” (Christman) are high on the companies' priority list when they are producing these bags. Lastly, she states that these bags are durable, and that “once you invest in these bags, you can relax for quite a long time” (Christman). This statement could be a lot more specific. Also, the statement that after buying these bags you can relax is a bit confusing. After buying these bags you don’t have to worry about anything anymore? If anything I think these bags would create even more stress since you always have to remember to bring them, then have to carry them around everywhere with you. Also, being more specific about the durability of these bags would make her claims a lot stronger, instead of just saying that they can “bear the load of heavy items” (Christman).<br /><br />The final argument that the author made was that these bags are stylish, attractive, fashionable and bio degradable, as well as being provided by some great companies (Christman). I think this statement would be a lot stronger if she mentioned what these companies are and why they are great. By not being specific about these companies it seems like she is not sure about this information, which causes the reader to question the accuracy of her claims.<br /><br />Overall, although I agree that these bags are good and that everyone should purchase them, I think that the arguments for them could have been stronger. By making a few minor changes, such as being more specific, giving examples and using evidence to support her claims, this article would be a lot more persuasive, as well as more accurate.<br /><br /><br />Christman, Julia. “Go Green, Adopt Eco Friendly Bags.” Go Green, Save Earth.<br />November 3, 2010. http://www.public88.com/gogreen/environment-<br />friendly/environment-friendly-go-green-adopt-eco-friendly-bags/.<br /><br />David Tarascio<br />0705039David Tarasciohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15296987208428487122noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-37472929984756218732010-11-11T17:30:00.000-08:002010-11-11T17:45:39.941-08:00Fuel Cells a Viable Alternative Energy Source?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> 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unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Fuel cells are <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtvZ6HsrHnbbeiI6LdyHCvYYawgEh6MS9lyLOJiidFvFRiogQuO9z1jn6EnXzKEgjRtdINrG1q-l_UCFtBVzHFdlmOLCOm1HKf9EuIFa-mpWwthpPP-q_Eb_RkkJoAijnx1HCw9_f0uQIg/s1600/fuel-cell-how-it-works-01.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 224px; height: 184px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtvZ6HsrHnbbeiI6LdyHCvYYawgEh6MS9lyLOJiidFvFRiogQuO9z1jn6EnXzKEgjRtdINrG1q-l_UCFtBVzHFdlmOLCOm1HKf9EuIFa-mpWwthpPP-q_Eb_RkkJoAijnx1HCw9_f0uQIg/s200/fuel-cell-how-it-works-01.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538470741743952306" border="0" /></a>a constantly developing technology and in our day and age they have some promising applications for the future. Although there are some promising applications for the future it cannot be said that fuel cells will one day be the dominant form of energy production in the future. One such claim of an article on the national geographic website is that one day vehicles may be powered with fuel cells that use hydrogen as a source of fuel and that these fuel cells could replace the traditional petroleum fuelled vehicles that exist today. The article was entitled “Fuel Cells: Energy Source of the Future”. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">There are a number of problems with this claim and two such problems are a) petroleum fuels have been used for decades and it will be very difficult to convince the world to stop using them and switch to an alternative and b) the fact that the least expensive and most widely used method to produce hydrogen fuel produces the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Addressing first the problem of attempting to replace fossil fuels with hydrogen fuels it becomes apparent that this would not be an easy task. Firstly, the infrastructure for fossil fuel storage, production, and distribution has been well established for decades. A switch to hydrogen fuels would require a complete revamp of this well established infrastructure and inevitably cost enormous amounts of money. Hydrogen is a very difficult product to store because it has the ability to weaken the structure of the actual container it will be held in. This will require the production of spe<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtgOUFiyuXwTzIhhYl7cH6lz1nwFDg_vPXeraUAvpF9g_MMqOHg988gTAopIwJbS6dQB0IHAsBO4CLNpptfwIAF7dXc6qqQqelfeGYu_LuK1ct0eNv3claTz2aGNUegoXR-qMAr8vCTHTV/s1600/shell-gas-station-bar-b-cutie2.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 159px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtgOUFiyuXwTzIhhYl7cH6lz1nwFDg_vPXeraUAvpF9g_MMqOHg988gTAopIwJbS6dQB0IHAsBO4CLNpptfwIAF7dXc6qqQqelfeGYu_LuK1ct0eNv3claTz2aGNUegoXR-qMAr8vCTHTV/s200/shell-gas-station-bar-b-cutie2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538472901795233154" border="0" /></a>cialized containers able to safely store the hydrogen without the fear of the containers failing. Another issue with storing hydrogen is that at room temperature hydrogen is a gas. Storing a substance as a gas is a very inefficient way to store a substance since it requires more space to store. By compressing this gas into a liquid it would make it much more efficient to store and allow a higher volume of hydrogen to be transported more efficiently. The issue with compressing hydrogen gas into a liquid is that it requires energy. The amount of energy required to compress this hydrogen gas is nearly one third of the actual energy the hydrogen contains within itself meaning that by making it more efficient to store and transport the actual energy available from the hydrogen is greatly reduced.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Perhaps the most important, if not the most important, factor in determining whether or not using hydrogen fuel as an alternative fuel for petroleum is plain and simply money. The oil industry is a massive industry with billions even trillions of dollars at stake. The estimated total worth of the proven reserves on this planet is 104 trillion dollars! That’s $104,000,000,000,000! With this amount of money at stake there is an obvious question to be asked. Who in their right mind would want to attempt to risk their money in hydrogen when there is $104,000,000,000,000 of proven oil on this planet? People are greedy and this greed in turn develops into the need and want for more and more money. Switching over to using hydrogen fuel and fuel cell technology instead of sticking with the industry worth trillions of dollars would cost these greedy people their money and convincing them that it is a good idea to spend their money would not be by any means an easy feat to accomplish. The author of the article briefly talks about the economic issues concerning hydrogen fuel and fuel cells and in short basically says that the technology is not ready to compete with the other major forms of energy technology. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The second problem I found with the claim the author made is that he did not address the fact that the least expensive and most widely used method to produce hydrogen fuel produces the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. The fact that it is necessary to use fossil fuels to produce new cleaner fuels completely contradicts itself. Sure the fuel cell is a clean and efficient form of energy technology but the fact that the fuel required for this clean form of energy technology is produced with the help of more traditional fuels produced using more traditional less efficient forms of energy production just does not make sense. The whole point of alternative energy and alternative fuel is that it produces fewer emissions, is more efficient, and is all around better for the environment. The simple fact is that there is not a way to mass produce these new alternative forms of energy and fuel in an economically viable way. That is to say there is as of yet no way to produce these technologies and fuels in such a cheap and efficient way as to claim that they will one day be able replace petroleum fuels. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Fuel cells are a constantly evolving technology and they have many potential benefits as the author pointed out in the article but the world is simply not ready to embrace fuel cells and other alternative forms of energy as the dominant form of energy production. The fact that the author says fuel cells are the future of energy production is not valid because in time perhaps other newer, more efficient, and less costly technologies will arise leaving fuel cells obsolete. 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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><u>Bibliography</u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Singh, M. (2008) What’s all the oil in the world worth? <span style=""> </span><a href="http://www.fleetstreetinvest.co.uk/oil/oil-outlook/oil-world-worth-00027.html">http://www.fleetstreetinvest.co.uk/oil/oil-outlook/oil-world-worth-00027.html</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Wise, J. (2006) The truth about hydrogen. <a href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/next-generation/4199381">http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/next-generation/4199381</a></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Fuel cells: Energy source of the future. <a href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/fuel-cell-profile/">http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/fuel-cell-profile/</a></p>Darryl Hagmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16318700131372897928noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-58248487188687634412010-11-11T17:18:00.001-08:002010-11-11T19:27:02.568-08:00Global Equality Affecting Carbon Emissions<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]-->By: Peter Bishop<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs4mvWwBzis7J-rUmzgZuQxviCDmEFIjcfniPhgztk_DpK7gvoenH5LST1ebqxCDBqMe3DuIad4x4I174scxeaYBlPvR2mHE8KnJu1W9Yv5Vz-E8BAeu5r2d2Db6M8jd4LPUtqHgpamTcE/s1600/equality-1.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 306px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs4mvWwBzis7J-rUmzgZuQxviCDmEFIjcfniPhgztk_DpK7gvoenH5LST1ebqxCDBqMe3DuIad4x4I174scxeaYBlPvR2mHE8KnJu1W9Yv5Vz-E8BAeu5r2d2Db6M8jd4LPUtqHgpamTcE/s400/equality-1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538472585882699650" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Article: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101026141445.htm"> http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101026141445.htm</a><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">In the <i style="">Science Daily</i> article, “Reducing Carbon Emissions by Improving Global equality” (26 October 2010) Gemma Cranston and Geoffrey Hammond claim that reducing the economical gap between the rich and poor will ultimately reduce atmospheric levels of the greenhouse gas , carbon dioxide. In context they claim:</p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"> <i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >“The industrialised world has been the main protagonist given that carbon dioxide lasts about 100 years in the atmosphere, but as the developing nations become increasingly mechanised and urbanised, the balance is shifting.” </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >(Science Daily 2010)</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" > </span><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:black;" >The Mean</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:black;" > </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >The difference between a world with more quality and a world with a greater economical gap from rich to poor is nothing when it comes to averages. The average of the rich and poor will even out into a medium. Even with global equality the average will still remain the same with the same medium.</span></p> <p><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:black;" > </span></p><p><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:black;" >The More Realistic Effect</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >With developing nations rising in economic status, the middle class is growing larger and there is more money to be spent with a larger GDP. People will want to buy automobiles and have better living conditions. With more vehicles on the road, emissions will increase not decrease. Demand for resources will also increase with a larger consumer market. Although emissions are decreasing by way of efficient cars, when more quantities are on the road than ever before, something’s got to give. Industries will produce more emissions producing mass quantities of products. India is the best current example of what the future has in store. By 2025, India’s middle class will go from 50 million currently to a massive 583 million. (BusinessWeek 2007) Incomes of families will increase greatly making it a top 5 consumer country in the world. (BusinessWeek 2007) India will become a bustling economic centre requiring more transportation including more sophisticated public transit and energy which will also increase emissions. Now imagine all the other developing countries adding to the total emissions. Even if the current countries today slow down in emission production, there will be other countries emerging with larger populations using just as much or more energy. The only way to reduce global emissions is to reduce global rights so people cannot use these services and that defeats the purpose of global equality.<br /></span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" > The article also claims that wealth itself is more of a problem to greenhouse gases than growing populations which defeats the purpose of what the article is trying to prove:</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" > </span><i style=""><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >“The new study shows that economic wealth is the most significant driver of carbon emissions rather than population growth during the 21st Century. Although for the 'South', regional population and economic growth are both likely to play a significant role in affecting future levels of year-on-year carbon emissions. However, it is the cumulative build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide since the 1850s, the period of the industrial revolution in the North, that is largely to blame for the problem of elevated carbon dioxide levels.” </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >(ScienceDaily 2010)<br /></span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >The article does not exactly state how bringing equality will reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It seems that the negatives of global equality and emissions outweigh the positives in the sector of environmental damages. The article also presents no statistics involving demographics and related emissions. It just shows our present and past emission levels and how they should be reduced. The author’s main point seems to be that wealth and the industrialized world are responsible for the atrocities of climate change. Wealth is not the only class that will bring increased emissions. The middle class can be considered what everyone would be if all were equal. The middle class would also have the power of buying and contributing to the global emission footprint.</span></p> <p><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" > </span><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:black;" >Supply and Demand</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:black;" > </span><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >I think that even if wealth was out of the picture and everyone was financially equal, the governments would still own industries and still provide everyone with products for them to consume. It follows the supply and demand principles that would still be in effect. Industries would not be abandoned, they would just be co-owned by the people and/or government. Wealth creates demand and so would the equal spread of wealth. Technology can reduce emissions on each car but with more demand than before, total emissions will add up.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-size:12pt;color:black;" >In summation, global equality would be a dream come true for this world but by no means would it reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. The stubborn blame on the wealthy side makes it seem that there is no evidence that a global equality would reduce carbon emissions. With no statistical proof or model, there is no reason to believe that improving global equality will reduce emissions. It is true that wealth has created greenhouse gases and climate change but by getting rid of it won’t reduce emissions. There will always be an average population who will fill the void.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color:black;">References</span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color:black;"></span><span style="line-height: 150%;color:black;" >Inderscience. "Reducing Carbon Emissions by Improving Global Equality." <em>ScienceDaily</em>, 26 October 2010. Web. 9 November 2010.</span> Article: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101026141445.htm<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101026141445.htm"><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="line-height: 150%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">BusinessWeek. Farrell, D, and Beinhocker, E; May 19, 2007. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">http</span>://drupal.meltonfoundation.org/files/Can-India-Mobilize-its-Middle-Class-and-Reduce-Emissions_.pdf</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>Peter Bishophttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11914846334400450783noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-62815711224082361452010-11-11T17:18:00.000-08:002010-11-11T18:03:09.071-08:00Is the extinction of wild plants a key to conservation?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Tebuc-V45nE/TNyazcNV2eI/AAAAAAAAAAs/AmcDXLGgQfE/s1600/17_1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Tebuc-V45nE/TNyazcNV2eI/AAAAAAAAAAs/AmcDXLGgQfE/s320/17_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538471850295024098" border="0" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">conifers with ornamental cones</span> <a href="http://bluebellnursery.com">http://www.<span class="rg_ctlv"><span id="rg_hr">bluebellnursery.com</span></span></a><br /><br />“A fifth of all wild plant species face extinction”(29 September 2010). Just by reading this article’s title, not many would be keen on taking time to read what the author is trying to point out. Most people would probably flip the page over having the notion that we have stuffed the environment again. News such as “100 people killed in a tragic road accident” or “virus wiping out corn in Ontario” are more emotional and capturing stories that people would not hesitate reading through. How many times have we heard or seen stories related to the environment? Almost every week I suppose, but not everyone is interested in all the arguments and warnings put across by different authors on issues related to the environment. Therefore the author’s claim that humans and animals will be negatively affected by a decrease in wild plant species is inaccurate because, the article does not include enough evidence and also since we lack full knowledge of these wild plants.<br /><br />I acknowledge the fact that Andy Coghlan; the author of this article refers to scientific defensible data by Eimear Nic Lughadha of Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, London, however the author expects the reader to take Lughadha’s word for it without providing further evidence that this is in fact true. Based on the article, Coghlan should have provided necessary information about the people who carried out the study. This includes their education background, profession and/or qualifications. Lughadha and his team investigate 4000 out of the 380,000 plant species and the 4000 species that were studied, resulted in “satisfactory data”. The author quotes in his article that, "We wanted to take a sample of plants that we could defend as being representative of plant diversity globally," according to Lughadha. This is not justifiable because taking 4000 species is such a small sample size and cannot be a representative of the entire plant population.<br /><br />Coghlan points out that conifers and cycads are at higher risk of extinction based on a preliminary conclusion (Coghlan, A.). This is a weak argument because the correlation between these plant species and anthropocentrist as well as sentiest individuals is not mentioned. How then is the reader going to look into ways of preventing these species from going extinct? To divert their money from issues they consider of greater importance such as education and social security into saving this endangered species? If Coghlan was focusing on plant species that have a direct effect on humans and consumed by humans, then by all means, most people will take necessary action to read the article and work towards preventing the plants from going extinct.<br />In his article, Coghlan includes the quotes, "At the moment we're throwing away species that we don't fully understand." (Lughadha, E. N.). The fact that we don’t fully understand these plants doesn’t necessarily mean that throwing them away will negatively impact the ecosystem. One must not forget that there is a possibility that if they go extinct there can be potential benefits for the ecosystem. Based on the ignorance argument, species are crucial for eco system functioning but the view that everything is critical is almost certainly not true. Therefore, referring to Lughadha’s quote “if all the plants vanish so will all animals and birds,” assumes that some plants may cause harm on human and animal health. As a result, this makes it difficult to draw the line on which species count morally and which ones don’t.<br /><br />The prevention of plants from extinction is almost implausible because plants in the wild most of the time go unnoticed, as they have no primary link to humans and animals. The author does not state why these plants are facing extinction. This is a lack of proper evidence for the reader to help prevent these species from going extinct. Coghlan fails to provide the reader with the environment from which these plants come from, which leaves one wondering what parts of the world are the species most affected.<br /><br />Coghlan puts up strong arguments based on what Lughadha said but his way of targeting readers to actually look into considering plants to be saved from extinction needs a more capturing approach and also mention briefly how this plants may be correlated to humans and animals. Another strong argument he included in his article is the fact that animals and birds will have nothing to depend on for a living if all plants vanish. This is reflected by the fact that plants form the base of food chains and the birds and animals are heterotrophic organisms. Reflecting on the slippery slope argument, the extinction of a species diminishes the biosphere and with the 36 per cent of the gymnosperms at risk of being lost, it is worth conserving plants in general.<br /><br />References:<br />Coghlan, A. (2010) A fifth of all wild plant species face extinction. The New Scientist, issue 2780. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span><a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19515-a-fifth-of-all-wild-plant-species-face-extinction.html">http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19515-a-fifth-of-all-wild-plant-species-face-extinction.html</a><br /><br />Angela,<br />0736095.Angiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04880324361308995460noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-71096000685251635072010-11-11T17:12:00.000-08:002010-11-19T16:28:58.167-08:00Blame it on the SunIn the article, "Lack of Sunspots May be Sign of Colder Climate Coming" (11 November 2010) Mike Hoffman, the reporter makes numerous claims about the climate of Earth. First and foremost, he predicts that atmospheric temperature will drop due to a direct correlation with a decreasing amount of sunspots on the sun. Specifically, the author claims, "…astronomers have been looking at the sun for centuries and with telescopes they have seen a recent change in sunspots. Sunspots are actually large energy bursts from the middle of the Sun that pop onto the surface, showing up as dark patches. So these large magnetic fields, or sunspots actually cause the Sun to be slightly stronger, which creates a bit more heat here on Earth," (Hoffman, 2010). The author’s varying arguments also include: a) “The sunspots have been out of whack lately,” b) “Global climate change that include man-made effects have not been accurate”, c) “Sunspots actually cause the Sun to be slightly stronger, which creates a bit more heat here on Earth,” and d) “We are heading into a time where the Sun may be slightly weaker.” The major flaw in the article is that there is no scientific evidence or explanation to justify the author’s claims; they are just assumed to be true.<br /><br />A primary issue I had with this article was the absence of fact and evidence amid many assertive statements and claims. When writing in a scientific context, especially about a sensitive subject such as global warming, it is necessary to provide evidentiary support for every claim. Why are sunspots causing the sun to be stronger? What are sunspots in the first place? Hoffman fails to provide the reader with the 5 simple W’s of writing. Throughout the article he makes big claims of questionable truth and support. He claims that “we are heading into a time where the sun may be slightly weaker.” Questions posed for this statement could include, at what time frames is the suns energy being compared? Why is it weaker? Furthermore, the defining of key terms in an article is necessary to firstly, keep the audience from losing track of article, and secondly, to bring awareness to the topic being discussed. In addition, the author uses a very casual tone which does not fit with the intended target audience. A paper of such important and deep claims should be written in a formal tone followed by deep and strong evidentiary support ("Using a scientific," 2006).<br /><br />Regarding the content of the article, Hoffman believes, as previously mentioned in point b), that observed results of Global climate change have not been influenced by human interactions with the environment. According to National Geographic, there are natural cycles and events that are known to influence climate. However, the amount and pattern of warming that has been measured cannot be explained by these factors alone. The only way to explain the pattern is to include the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by humans.When Hoffman considers the lack of sunspots making Earth’s climate cooler, he is being ignorant and making an irrational argument. There are many natural events changing the climate of planet Earth; regardless, man-made effects have also been a contributing factor. One of the first things discovered by scientists is that there are several greenhouse gases responsible for global warming; humans emit them in a variety of ways. The most common way of pollution is from combustion of fossil fuels in cars, factories and electricity production. The gas highly responsible for global warming is carbon dioxide ("What causes global," 2010). With every breath we take an amount of CO2 is released; multiply that by 6 billion people and growing. As population increases, so does the level of CO2 released into the atmosphere (Geerts, & Linacre, 2006). Before we start blaming everything and anything other than ourselves, we should look at our lifestyles and accept our mistakes and the damages we inflict on the natural environment. <br /><br />To conclude, Hoffman’s arguments are based on a very minor amount of topics that only include the effects of natural processes of our planet. The claims made were mostly correct but lacked much needed evidentiary support. The denials of arguments and facts, made by Hoffman, are less than justifiable to say the least. He manages to deny the full claim of human tampering with the climate change which is completely false. Nevertheless, it is difficult and nearly impossible to predict the effects of human tampering vs. naturalistic causes.<br /><br />References:<br /><br /> Geerts, B., & Linacre, E. (2006). Sunspots and climate. Retrieved from < http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap02/sunspots.html ><br /><br /><br /> Hoffman, M. (2010). Lack of sunspots may be sign of colder climate coming. Retrieved from <http://www.wndu.com/hometop/headlines/107309788.html> <br /><br /> Using a scientific journal article to write a critical review. (2006). Retrieved from <http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/assistance/writing_services/components/documents/scientific_review><br /><br /> What causes global warming?. (2010). Retrieved from <http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/global-warming/gw-causes/>Ashkaanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04201549025611866771noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-76033093207023803472010-11-11T17:04:00.001-08:002010-11-11T17:42:50.656-08:00The Small Picture of Environmental Issues<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJFrKkcBvStEuG3s9mgqDWsjrUosfqxCPJ0QgZJwta6U1O8QKvAS_5HISuz-oNt0qycCsJL2ynpdFcKu45LBDgT7ciRjerb5Ch7Kg6AEHPaN4y-FzHPi9QEXr-ibuOJFP7qw8TWOVyiEE/s1600/mg20827851_100-1_300.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 229px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJFrKkcBvStEuG3s9mgqDWsjrUosfqxCPJ0QgZJwta6U1O8QKvAS_5HISuz-oNt0qycCsJL2ynpdFcKu45LBDgT7ciRjerb5Ch7Kg6AEHPaN4y-FzHPi9QEXr-ibuOJFP7qw8TWOVyiEE/s320/mg20827851_100-1_300.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538470971200981218" /></a><br />For many years cities have been stereotyped as one of the most unenvironemtnally friendly places around. They produce tons of pollution from their factories while cars and trash are everywhere. Yet Shanta Barley makes the claim in this article, "City vs Country: The councrete jungle is cleaner" that people living in cities do in fact produce less pollution than people living in the country. This claim is backed up by the idea that people in cities don’t have to drive as far or as much as people in the country and that they frequently have less children due to the fact that children are not as useful for city livers versus somebody in the country.<br /> The problem I have with this article is that it ignores the concept that everybody in a society works together to keep everyone in a healthy state of living. This claim is completely untrue for one main reason. People who live in the country produce much of the raw goods our societies require. For example essentially all agriculture, mining and other raw material extraction takes place in a country setting. Conversely, somebody in the city doesn’t work in these fields. City livers are likely to work in business, security, health or some kind of social service. In short the country provides the raw materials and the city takes these and creates the goods and services that a thriving society requires. What this means is that no matter how many people live in the city, the same amount of raw materials need to be produced and transported, while the same number of goods need to be created and again distributed. Even if a larger majority people were to start living in cities, the overall amount of stuff we produce would not change. Therefore the net amount of pollution we create would also not change. Specifically Shanta makes the claim that “This mass exodus from the countryside should lift the strain of intensive agriculture from the land, allowing forests to bounce back.” (Barley 2010) Land wouldn’t get to be reclaimed, at least in any meaningful measure due the fact that the same amount of food would still need to be produced to support everyone, and therefore agriculture could not be dialled back. What this amounts to is that even though the city livers do produce, per person, less pollution, the same amount of emissions would still be released it would just have been redistributed.<br /> Shanta goes on to say that people in the city drive less and therefore produce fewer emissions. The article again ignores the fact that country and city living are connected. Even though people in the city may drive less overall, if the majority of people lived in cities and not in the country then more goods would have to be brought into the city by trucks and other modes of transportation. While I cannot speak to which is worse I do not believe the carbon emissions saved would be meaningful in anyway. Pollution would have again just been redistributed among everyone with country livers producing more on average than city livers to support the extra large cities.<br /> This article really doesn’t address any of the real problems that might arise from even more people living in cities. It makes an attempt once or twice when it talks about how the slums created could actually be a good thing, or the idea that people in cities have fewer children, but overall it ignores many possible outcomes. The idea that their finding of city livers producing less pollution than country livers is just a product of our current set up is completely ignored. Shanta never considers in what way our way of life might be affected by a large exodus from the country side. Perhaps we would actually produce more emissions due to the reasons mentioned above of increased need for transportation of goods and the fact that the same net amount of goods will still need to be created to support everyone. <br /> In a more practical sense, the living conditions of cities are also avoided in this article to a large degree. Shanta make the claim that “Yet it is important to remember that cities can also provide the ideal launch pad for future green initiatives.” (Barley 2010) If this is true then I see no truly significant evidence that would serve as a justification for this mass migration to cities.Cities are a breeding spot for slums, poverty, hunger, disease and much else. With more and more people living in cities this would only get worse and worse. The benefits of living in such close quarters with so many people does not outweigh even the possible benefits mentioned used to argue in favour of this proposal.<br /> <br /><br />Connor Gibney<br /><br /><br />Works cited<br /> -Barley, Shanta, “City vs Country: The concrete jungle is greener” New Scientist, November 8th 2010. November 8th 2010. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827851.100-city-vs-country-the-concrete-jungle-is-greener.html?full=trueConnorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09016751122649781528noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-87196773208238184362010-11-11T17:04:00.000-08:002010-11-11T17:08:18.323-08:00Wind Energy: A Narrow ViewWhat is the reasoning behind reading an article based on an environmental issue? For the most part someone would read an article based on a specific topic that they are interested in to become more informed about the current discussion surrounding the topic. In which case they are interested in an informative article. A good informative article provides the reader with unbiased information related to the topic at hand. Seeing as many environmental topics are very controversial, people tend to take very strong, one-sided opinions and quite often you read articles published to sway a persons opinion into the same realm as the author. In which case the article tends to loose its reliability by only informing the reader of one side of the argument.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWadTwmnTqxRvZBpJBjTvLIPF7zPCLnhJIEMyiACC8tIK-bt2IWF9EIkk3SEE5O_6l3rTh1p7RpuejQXjhHdi4YD_aMeyNNAKfNBU5N9yNZ2-g8NZpsd8j4voZZT6f3oAAzqz15IbN8Mxa/s1600/wind+turbines+shelburne"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 417px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWadTwmnTqxRvZBpJBjTvLIPF7zPCLnhJIEMyiACC8tIK-bt2IWF9EIkk3SEE5O_6l3rTh1p7RpuejQXjhHdi4YD_aMeyNNAKfNBU5N9yNZ2-g8NZpsd8j4voZZT6f3oAAzqz15IbN8Mxa/s320/wind+turbines+shelburne" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538461920951897970" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Wind turbines in Shelburne Ontario.http://www.thestar.com/News/Canada/article/590474<br />Steve Russell</span><br /><br />Such is the case with the article titled; Investment in green will help create jobs, by Robert Hornung. The title clearly indicates the position taken by the author and the article that follows is entirely swayed towards that position. In the article Hornung supports the expanded use of wind turbines as a means of energy production using some of the positive financial aspects that will be generated due to increased jobs in the sector.<br /><br />At first glance Hornung simply appears to be addressing the financial aspect of the use of wind turbines and he dutifully addresses the negative topics of increasing cost of energy and the future investments needed to properly implement Ontario’s Green Energy Act. He then proceeds to counteract all the these claims with the positive fiscal benefits of wind power which include an increase in job positions concerned with wind energy, as well as investment into the industry. To support his claims, Hornung brings in facts and statistics. He uses Quebec as an example of how a successful implementation of wind energy provides jobs as well as the jobs provided worldwide in the wind energy industry. Given Hornungs' position as the president of the Canadian Wind Energy Association, the reader may choose to accept the specific information given in the article, however the use of some form of referencing or proof would give strength to these claims.<br /><br />One very obvious aspect of the topic that was ignored is the negative effect that the actual wind turbines have on the surrounding area. In terms of monetary value, property values may decline in the surrounding areas due to the uncertainty surrounding wind turbines, and while it is great to be producing jobs, having the value of your home or land suddenly plummet is not something the public will appreciate. There is also the topic of health concerns surrounding wind turbines, due to the sounds produced by the turbines as well as the visual intrusion the vast vertically standing structures have on a generally horizontal landscape. Depending on how you distinguish value, a healthy well-being is beyond price to most.<br /><br />Another aspect of “green energy” that seems to have been ignored is the possibility of a solution other than wind power, which leads the reader to further believe the Hornung is trying to sell the idea of wind energy, and therefore his information is biased. He does make mention of other sources of energy such as coal, nuclear and hydro, all of which make wind seem like the clear path to take. However there is no mention of the possibility of solar energy, which, like any solution, has its own set of pros and cons to be considered. However solar energy is generally quiet and less visually intrusive than the large wind turbines. While I am no expert on the subject, I definitely sense that Hornung avoided mentioning the possibility of solar power; only to avoid swaying his readers in another direction than the one he had so purposefully led them.<br /><br />In general people do not like to be tricked into thinking a certain way, in order to gain a readers trust an author should give the reader information supporting both sides of an issue and lead them into a logical conclusion based on those facts. The reader can go on with a broader knowledge of the topic at hand and feel free to formulate their own opinion rather than only having the facts to support one view. An article that is so obviously one sided is hard to trust and the arguments are weakened by the authors reluctance to challenge his own opinions and views. I found it interesting that I actually support the future development of wind energy in Ontario, especially around my own home. I personally consider them a beautiful addition to our landscape, and a movement in a positive direction for our province. However I still found myself challenging the facts and information put forward in this article simply due to the narrow view of the topic.<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Works Cited<br />HORNUNG, R. (2010, October 30). Investment in green will help create jobs. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from ifpress: http://www.lfpress.com/comment/2010/10/29/15882321.html</span>ahegmanshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01466061500217115105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-6695590706933484752010-11-11T16:35:00.000-08:002010-11-11T16:42:28.301-08:00Bird-huggers vs. Tree-huggers ........ Is there a clearly defined difference?<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYoDj8Iwt7rbh7LGf7o8T4r1nEUmIyvI68OXSnBggE6TbCKXgzYUtf3ZqbfeSEvGuw_4nUU5mPy7wB_VK0u3BpuG1pB7z_UQHDIfgN_Xw3Bp7dUWM_LJ06w18D_nShsWzeY1eLGxOUuok-/s1600/wind-turbine.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYoDj8Iwt7rbh7LGf7o8T4r1nEUmIyvI68OXSnBggE6TbCKXgzYUtf3ZqbfeSEvGuw_4nUU5mPy7wB_VK0u3BpuG1pB7z_UQHDIfgN_Xw3Bp7dUWM_LJ06w18D_nShsWzeY1eLGxOUuok-/s320/wind-turbine.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538456632419718338" /></a><br /><br /><br />In a recent issue of MacLean’s Magazine readers of Andrew Potter’s article titled, “Bird Huggers vs. Tree Huggers” (20 September 2010), were left confused and unsatisfied. Potter provides his arguments regarding both the usefulness and uselessness of wind turbines in today’s world, making several strong and unproven claims to present to the readers his views on the matter. Furthermore instead of using valid information to provide a solid background he uses irrelevant fact and cites poor scientific knowledge to form a weak and unclear argument to which he later contradicts himself. <br /><br />He begins the formation of his argument with the views of avid bird watcher Margaret Atwood, stating, “at the very least, global warming doesn’t appear to her to be anything worth sacrificing a few birds or a nice view over.” (Potter 2010) From this opening information Potter does two things, he provides irrelevant information about the opinion of someone that has nothing to do with the subject at hand, and in such a way that he gives the first impression of his own opinion: that Atwood’s view of the matter is ridiculous. <br /><br />By degrading the views of one, Potter presents his opinion on the matter in which he later contradicts himself providing ‘all the good reasons to oppose the development of large scale wind power’ (Potter 2010). He supplies claims to support the negative impacts of wind farms, from there expensive nature to the fact that they reduce negligible amounts of greenhouse gases without actually providing any scientific fact for these claims. Any numbers provided were inaccurate and irrelevant, as one reader was to quickly point out with a little research into the matter. Potter claims that wind turbines do almost nothing to reduce green house gas emissions as wind is not blowing all the time. While it is true that wind turbines are unable to provide steady and expected power, it is essential to realize that wind power has not been created as a complete replacement for fossil fuels but as a partner that assists in reducing even a fraction of the greenhouse gas emissions. At this point the author has attempted to convince his readers that wind power does not significantly reduce carbon dioxide levels and that they are a waste of money, a waste of space only proving to be successful at one thing, harming bird populations.<br /> <br /> When the reader finally has some inkling of where the author is taking them, Potter changes course and takes them in the opposite direction. He strongly claims, “The central thesis of the call for renewable energy, and thus the entire rationale for building wind farms, is that the future of that human race is at stake” (Potter 2010). With this he leaves the reader puzzled; is this his true view on the matter, or is he somehow trying to degrade such views? Making this claim, he then poorly backs it up with a clearly defined anthropocentric viewpoint. This anthropocentric viewpoint destroys his earlier comments about the wind farms harming bird populations. Not only that but he gives the impression that these wind turbines is what will save the human population, and we are forced to remember, did he not just finish saying that wind turbines were not beneficial in any way? At this point he has destroyed any faith that the readers had in coming to an informed conclusion on the matter. <br /><br /> However it his next comment that destroys any hope in being provided even reliable factual information when he states, “birds, are pretty resourceful creatures [and can evolve the ability to avoid gigantic whirly white things]…. It might take a number of generations, and we might lose an attractive species or two along the way…” (Potter 2010). This completely defeats the argument made earlier about wind farms harm to birds and in an uneducated arrogant way. Is he forgetting that species diversity is an accurate interpretation of the health of our plant? The only thing made clear by this statement is his deprived ideas of evolutionary principles and time involved.<br /><br /> While finishing the article, the reader realizes that the only thing made clear in this article is Potters dislike of the views of famous author Margaret Atwood on this matter. Instead of focusing on degrading the views of one, his argument would have been much more productive if he were to provide factual information supporting his point of view and falsifying the opposing view. While he provided the readers with the opposing viewpoints, Potter was unsuccessful in providing valid, scientific information supporting or disputing both viewpoints. He was also unsuccessful in making his own opinion on the matter clear; with his argument proving to be weak for both sides of the matter. His inability to come to a clear, informed opinion leaves his reader with the same problem; the only conclusion they were able to come to was to never subscribe to a MacLean’s magazine again. <br /><br /><br /><strong>References: </strong><br />Potter, Andrew. “Bird-huggers vs. tree-huggers.” Macleans, 20 September 2010.<a href="http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/09/20/birding-while-the-planet-burns/">http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/09/20/birding-while-the-planet-burns/</a><em><br /><br />With some background information from: </em><br />Snyder, B., & Kaiser, M. “Ecological and economic cost-benefit analysis of offshore wind energy.” Renewable Energy: An International Journal, (2009) 34(6), 1567-1578. <br /><br /><br /><strong><br />Liz Staples<br /><br />0725141</strong>Liz Stapleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11601754442998503561noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-11320897435958373012010-11-11T16:23:00.003-08:002010-11-11T18:00:31.981-08:00Why We Should Think About What We Eat<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiStksyX5OymHDVZBhnWZ2YrQNRDMRMmyBpeWqRkmQzadX0L0-zKdECEMyupzIDtGYRPVVT7a1RQICiycYI24K2T75f-LisXxe7OfLR1Ltb1BfiG_Qck1TcZ3CG31AtmpvEwpsxVimx/s1600/cow.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 206px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiStksyX5OymHDVZBhnWZ2YrQNRDMRMmyBpeWqRkmQzadX0L0-zKdECEMyupzIDtGYRPVVT7a1RQICiycYI24K2T75f-LisXxe7OfLR1Ltb1BfiG_Qck1TcZ3CG31AtmpvEwpsxVimx/s320/cow.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538477211874608130" /></a><br />There is an ongoing battle on the topic of what we should and should not consume. Meat and animal products are a part of most peoples daily diet and with good reason-meat is a good source of iron and protein. Then there are people who live entirely off of vegetables, fruits and other plant-products. These people get their vitamins and nutirents through eating specific foods rich in proteins, etc. While both sides have many good points to back up their beliefs, it all comes down to what is best for our world as a whole. One must concider not only the humans health, but also the animals health and wellbeing. We must take into concideration how what we eat affects other living beings around us who deserve to live on this earth and have rights just as we do.<br /><br />The author of my chosen article discusses her choices for continuing to eat meat despite protests from vegan/vegetarian organizations. She discusses that she chooses to only eat 'good' beef; that is beef from cows who were fed a diet of grass. She explains that this type of beef alot healthier and more humaine to the animal itself as it is fed a proper diet and allowed to graze. Her main reasoning for eating meat however, is because she believes it makes her less lathargic and she enjoys the taste. She feels that her body 'craves' meat and that humans are meant to eat meat, so we all should.<br /><br />While the author puts alot of effort into defending her decision to continue to eat meat, she fails to pay any attention to other factors that come into effect when making such a decision. She discusses the purchase of 'good' beef over 'bad' beef, stating that purchasing only 'good' beef is acceptable as the cows are allowed to eat a food that they can digest. Only looking at this one aspect, it seems like a reasonable statement, but such farms are not the norm and purchasing meat still contributes to the killing of a living cow. It feeds the industry regardless of the beef being 'good' or 'bad'. The method that the cow is killed is the same; the throat is slit to allow the blood to drain. This is concidered the most 'humaine' way, when really it does not sound humaine at all.<br /><br />Another factor that she does not discuss is that regardless of the treatment of the cows themselves, the large population of cows causes problems too. There is such a large number of cows around the world that greenhouse emissions become a problem. Not only that, but cow manure itself can cause the contamination of watersources and farmlands. Although it is true that cow manure can be used as fertalizer, too much of it can have a negative effect, especially from diseased or sick cows. Many cows become sick and diseased because of the food they are eating, the water they drink, over-milking or limited space. Many cows are subjected to these types of conditions on cattle farms as farmers try to have as much product yield as possible. <br /><br />The main fact is, not only cows are subjected to this treatment. Every type of animal we eat or use for by-products, are usually kept under bad conditions as the farmers try to get as much money as they can at a time. As the demand for these animal products continue, more and more cows, pigs, chickens, lambs, etc will be kept and killed inhumanely. Some may question why we should even care. We as humans, are far more intelligent and superior to every other being on this planet. While many people feel this way, it is sadly untrue. Humans feel that they can supress power over others simpley because they can. We were not given anything that makes us better than any other animal in this world, but we have somehow created the mentality that we have more of a right to be here than them. An example of this is the slaughter of dolphins in Japan. Dolphins are proven to be almost as intelligent or maybe even more intelligent than humans as they can understand, communicate and interpret. How then is it fair for us to slaughter them as if we own them? All animals have a complex nervous system that allows them to have feelings. Many people know this but continue to kill them.<br /><br />The answer to these problems lie within the human race itself. Our mentality that we can have whatever we can control has caused us to hurt many other beings who may not be able to speak for themselves and express their needs and wants. Its not a realistic thing for people to stop eating meat all together, but if more people realise what we do to obtain that steak or porkchop, maybe we could decrease the demand for these products. We need to stop and think about the kind of race we are becoming, we should treat the other beings on this planet with respect.<br /><br /> <br />REFERENCE<br />http://chefsblade.monster.com/news/articles/340-why-i-eat-meat-and-why-you-should-too?page=2djones06http://www.blogger.com/profile/18364660131728358874noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-29520125290206612202010-11-11T16:23:00.001-08:002010-11-11T16:23:41.322-08:00The Ongoiungdjones06http://www.blogger.com/profile/18364660131728358874noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-617556231779782824.post-54186306806547706542010-11-11T16:06:00.000-08:002010-11-11T16:12:03.510-08:00Breast Cancer Linked To Traffic Related Air Pollution?Cassandra Wiesner<br />0722271<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLMJlwHZTe9x25Avg5KO7wWH56sq_IFE7FiTK-h34SABbySRP5hTUL32EhyLb2zoFUTFAWbbVV0rc4ZQfuD53pWjf2vhIECBUFGlq67lCtvobRpCTxBA2hcQjBveZPCv7qvycY-I9q9g0/s1600/car+exhaust.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 280px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5538449012777206898" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLMJlwHZTe9x25Avg5KO7wWH56sq_IFE7FiTK-h34SABbySRP5hTUL32EhyLb2zoFUTFAWbbVV0rc4ZQfuD53pWjf2vhIECBUFGlq67lCtvobRpCTxBA2hcQjBveZPCv7qvycY-I9q9g0/s320/car+exhaust.jpg" /></a><br />In the Globe and Mail article, “Breast Cancer Linked to Traffic Related Air Pollution” (6 October 2010), a very startling claim is being made. The title suggests that concrete proof has been found that breast cancer has been linked to air pollution. The study was done in Montreal by a research group from McGill University and the University Of Montreal. They measured the pollution from vehicles at 130 different locations around Montreal, and then compared it to the home addresses of the women in Montreal who have been diagnosed with breast cancer.<br /><br />Professor Goldberg, a researcher at the McGill University Health Centre has stated, “Women living in the areas with higher levels of pollution were almost twice as likely to develop breast cancer as those living in the lower polluted areas”. They believe that exposure to smog-causing nitrogen dioxide will raise the risk of cancer by 25% for every increase of nitrogen dioxide of five parts per billion. The problem is there has not been nearly enough research done to make this claim. There are countless variables that have not been measured or taken into account. For example, during the study they did not talk to each of the women individually to find out how much time they spent indoors versus outdoors, where they worked, how they travelled to work, if they spend a lot of time in the city or in the suburbs, or if they spend a lot of time around their homes where the “pockets of high air pollution” exist. The researchers cannot make the claim that women living in these areas are twice as likely to get breast cancer based on merely geography.<br /><br />Not only did the researchers not take into account the different lifestyles of these women, but they only based the study on breast cancer, in post-menopausal women, yet many women get breast cancer before they go through menopause. As well, if they are thinking that the risk of breast cancer is increased by the nitrogen dioxide in air pollution, could air pollution not affect other types of cancers? Is it only nitrogen dioxide that is increasing this risk? There are many chemicals put into the atmosphere every day from many different sources, such as factories, chemical plants, airplanes and even our own homes. Furthermore, the study has been conducted in only one Canadian city. They have not compared their findings to a control group of any kind outside of Montreal, let alone outside of Canada. As you can see, there are countless questions that remain unanswered, which is why these conclusions cannot yet be made.<br /><br />However, Ingrid Peritz, the author of the news article, does talk about how vehicle pollution is a strong contributor to the harm of our environment as well. Of course this is a very true statement, and of course, one way or another, the polluted air we breathe will have an effect on our health. The fact that there is even a possibility that traffic related pollution may increase the risk of breast cancer should make people want to decrease the number of vehicles on the road. This way we could potentially be reducing the risk of breast cancer and reducing the amount of pollution that is being put into the environment. Either way, breathing in polluted air will have many long term effects on our health, whether it increases the risk of breast cancer or not. Any decrease in air pollution would be beneficial to our health, and the health of our environment.<br /><br />In the peer-reviewed study led by Hung Chen it was stated in conclusion of their experiment that further study is needed on the subject to ensure accuracy. They also stated that there were many limitations, which I have pointed out earlier. Therefore Ingrid Peritz had known while writing her newspaper article that there was not enough research done. Although, having the title “Breast cancer linked to traffic related air pollution” is certainly a catchy title that will encourage readers to read her article. Nevertheless, Peritz should have gone about writing her article in a different way to avoid being accused of claiming such an argument.<br /><br />In conclusion, pollution is going to have long term effects on our health one way or another. Whether it can lead to health problems as severe as cancer is still unknown based on the information of this study. There has not been enough research done on the subject, and too many questions still remain unanswered. Ingrid Peritz was wrong to title her newspaper article, “Breast cancer linked to traffic related air pollution” because it makes her sound like she is personally making the claim that this is true, when it hasn’t been proven yet. Having said that, I definitely agree that more research should be done on this subject because if it is true, there will be much more drive to get fuel-guzzling cars off the streets. This would not only lead us on the way to conquer breast cancer, but it would also help save our environment.<br /><br /><br />References:<br /><br />Peritz, Ingrid. (2010) Breast cancer linked to traffic related air pollution. The Globe and Mail, 6 October 2010. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health/breast-cancer-linked-to-traffic-related-air-pollution/article1746484/. Accessed 11 November 2010.<br /><br />Chen, H., Goldberg, M., et al. (2010). Back-extrapolations of estimates of exposure from current land-use regression models. Atmospheric Environment. 44: 4346-4354.Cassandra Wiesnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07628049678397131046noreply@blogger.com0